Diagnostic Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology

Shellock, Frank G.; Tyson, Lesia L.; Fleckenstein, James L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2314-6_7

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…2000; Schrank et al, 2005;Shellock et al, 1996). Fat tissue and especially fatty infiltration on both neck sides (VS and CS) is normally spread evenly, if no injection is given.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety testing of veterinary vaccines using magnetic resonance imaging in pigs

Bernau

Kremer

Pappenberger

et al. 2015

ALTEX

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SummarySafety testing of veterinary vaccines requires the use of a large number of animals to investigate possible local and systemic reactions. This includes, among others, the pathological examination of the injection site in frequent intervals. This examination requires a selected killing of animals in frequent intervals. To reduce the number of animals needed for this kind of safety testing, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to detect and quantify possible local reactions after vaccination in vivo. Sixty-four pigs were divided into four experimental groups (n = 16); two groups consisting of 12-week-old pigs and two of 6-month-old pigs at vaccination day. The pigs were vaccinated with four licensed products (each group receiving one vaccine) and examined up to 6 times using MRI during a period of 5 weeks. The MR images were evaluated semi-automatically, comparing the volumes of altered signal intensities on the vaccination side (VS) with the volumes of the signal intensities on the control side (CS). A paired t-test was used to identify significant differences (p < 0.05) between VS and CS. The results show that MRI allows a 3D-quantification of the extent of local reactions in vivo by scanning the same live animals at several time points after vaccination. MRI is a suitable alternative method for non-invasive safety testing of injectable medicines and can therefore be applied to reduce animal numbers used for safety testing purposes.

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“…2000; Schrank et al, 2005;Shellock et al, 1996). Fat tissue and especially fatty infiltration on both neck sides (VS and CS) is normally spread evenly, if no injection is given.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety testing of veterinary vaccines using magnetic resonance imaging in pigs

Bernau

Kremer

Pappenberger

et al. 2015

ALTEX

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“…Other studies reported the use of imaging technologies in pharmacological research (Rudin, 1994;Rudin et al, 1995). Concerning muscle tissue, various alterations resulting from trauma, infection, inflammation or edema can be detected using MRI (Lovitt et al, 2006;May et al, 2000;Schrank et al, 2005;Shellock et al, 1996;Pathria and Boutin, 2009) due to signal intensity changes, especially when performing different protocols (T1-and T2-weightenings; see Hodgson, 2010;Pipe, 1999). Local reactions can be detected via MRI (Brewer et al, 2014;Rudin, 1994;Rudin et al, 1995) and results of our own study in pigs (Bernau et al, 2015) showed that MRI allows the documentation of local reactions after vaccination in the live pig, scanned repeatedly over 29 days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of local reaction to vaccines in live piglets with magnetic resonance imaging compared to histopathology

Bernau

Kremer

Kreuzer

et al. 2016

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SummaryThe safety of veterinary vaccines is assessed in clinical trials in Europe. The assessment of the local tissue reaction to vaccination by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could reduce the number of animals needed because repeated examinations can be performed in the same animal over time. The present study compared the evaluation of local tissue reactions to vaccination using MRI in live pigs with histopathology of porcine tissue, the current gold standard in regulatory safety testing. Eight piglets each were administered one of two commercial vaccines into marked injection sites. All animals were sedated and scanned repeatedly by MRI using a contrast agent up to day 29 after vaccination. On day 29, the animals were euthanized and underwent a pathological examination. The MRI results were compared with the pathomorphological findings at the injection site by regression analysis. The MR images and the pathological examinations yielded matching results concerning the sizes of the affected tissue volumes or areas. The use of MRI for regulatory safety testing can reduce the number of animals needed to 8 per examination group. The volume of a local reaction and its progression over time can be evaluated and documented. If persistent lesions develop a final pathomorphological examination is needed to identify the kind and local distribution of the reaction.

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“…Exercise-induced changes in muscle signal and relaxation times are a new method for the evaluation of exercise physiology and pathophysiology [38]. Preliminary results of both exaggerated and subnormal increases in T2 during exercise were recorded in a small group of patients with mitochondrial myopathies but the significance of these findings is unclear [39].…”

Section: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Evaluation Techniques in Mitochondrial Disorders

Argov¹

1998

Eur Neurol

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Most of the mitochondrial disorders affect the brain and muscle metabolism with variable degrees of impairment. The diagnostic usefulness of the following physiological and imaging methods, which also offer functional information that can be used for follow-up, is critically assessed: lactate levels, exercise testing, phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), proton MRS, functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, optical tissue oximetry and single photon emission tomography. Knowledge of the advantages, shortcomings and results of each method in the evaluation of mitochondrial diseases is mandatory before they can be applied to other disorders with suspected oxidative impairment.

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Diagnostic Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology

Cited by 8 publications

References 80 publications

Safety testing of veterinary vaccines using magnetic resonance imaging in pigs

Safety testing of veterinary vaccines using magnetic resonance imaging in pigs

Assessment of local reaction to vaccines in live piglets with magnetic resonance imaging compared to histopathology

Functional Evaluation Techniques in Mitochondrial Disorders

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