Diagnostic accuracy of salivary creatinine, urea, and potassium levels to assess dialysis need in renal failure patients

Abstract

Background:The prevalence of chronic renal failure is increasing because of increase in chronic debilitating diseases and progressing age of population. These patients experience accumulation of metabolic byproducts and electrolyte imbalance, which has harmful effects on their health. Timely hemodialysis at regular intervals is a life-saving procedure for these patients. Salivary diagnostics is increasingly used as an alternative to the traditional methods. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the diagnostic efficacy of saliva in chronic renal failure patients.Materials and Methods:This case–control study included 82 individuals, of which 41 were chronic renal failure patients and 41 were age- and sex-matched controls. Blood and saliva were collected and centrifuged. Serum and supernatant saliva were used for biochemical analysis. Serum and salivary urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus were evaluated and correlated in chronic renal failure patients using unpaired t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, diagnostic validity tests, and receiver operative curve.Results:When compared to serum; salivary urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium showed diagnostic accuracy of 93%, 91%, 73%, and 89%, respectively, based on the findings of study.Conclusion:It can be concluded that salivary investigation is a dependable, noninvasive, noninfectious, simple, and quick method for screening the mineral and metabolite values of high-risk patients and monitoring the renal failure patients.

Salivary levels of phosphorus and urea as indices of their plasma levels in nephropathic patients

“…Regardless of the mechanism(s) accounting for the abundance of phosphorus in saliva, the evidence of a correlation between saliva phosphorus and plasma phosphorus could be explained hypothesizing that plasma phosphorus controls the secretion and/or the diffusion of phosphorus in saliva. With regard to urea, its saliva concentrations were almost identical and highly correlated with plasma urea in accordance with previous observations . The high‐order correlation of saliva urea with plasma urea and the identity of urea concentrations in plasma and saliva reasonably reflected the chemical characteristics of urea, that is, extremely soluble and diffusive.…”

“…The use of saliva for laboratory tests has been investigated in various medical areas because saliva could be used as a noninvasive diagnostic tool . An important prerequisite for the use of saliva in diagnostic workup is that the salivary levels of the marker associated with a given disorder should mirror the profile of the marker in biological samples used as gold standard in medical practice.…”

“…An important prerequisite for the use of saliva in diagnostic workup is that the salivary levels of the marker associated with a given disorder should mirror the profile of the marker in biological samples used as gold standard in medical practice. Previous observations indicated that correlations between plasma concentrations and saliva concentrations are detectable for some but not for all analytes . It is well established that small molecules as phosphorus and urea are measurable in saliva .…”

Salivary Cystatin C as a Biochemical Marker for Chronic Renal Failure

“…Its value depends on muscular mass and thus it depends on tubular secretion sex and age. It has been demonstrated that cystatin C level increases even with creatinine clearance decrease below 1.57 ml.s -1 when the creatinine level has not yet changed [11].…”

Differential Molecular Signature of Human Saliva Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy for Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis

“…In mammalians, about one-quarter of circulating inorganic nitrate (NO3−) derived from the diet. The salivary glands are the main responsible for delivering NO3-in saliva (5). Changes in salivary composition were demonstrated in CKD subjects.…”