Developmental characteristics of the permanent upper lateral incisor in unilateral cleft lip and palate

Abstract

Objectives This study aims to provide insights into the developmental characteristics of the upper lateral incisor in individuals with unilateral clefts. Materials and methods Panoramic radiographs of a consistent group of Caucasian children taken over time (ages 6, 9, and 12) were extensively reviewed. The study assessed the distribution pattern, eruption path, tooth development, and crown size of the upper lateral incisor within the cleft region. Results The most commonly observed distribution pattern was the lateral incisor located distal to the cleft, accounting for 49.2% of cases. Furthermore, a significant delay in tooth development of the upper lateral incisor on the cleft side was noted at ages 6 and 9 (p > 0.001). Compared with the non-cleft side, these incisors often erupted along the alveolar cleft and exhibited microdontia (88.3%, p < 0.041). Conclusion Lateral incisors on the cleft side display unique distribution patterns, microdontia, and delayed tooth development. Careful monitoring of the cuspid eruption is essential, as it can influence the eruption of the lateral incisor. Clinical relevance A comprehensive understanding of the development of the upper lateral incisor relative to the cleft is vital for determining its prognosis over time. The position of the upper lateral incisor can also influence the timing and prognosis of secondary alveolar bone grafting. Preserving the upper lateral incisor favors arch length, perimeter, and symmetry in individuals with unilateral clefts.