“…Rapid automatized naming (RAN), defined as the ability to name as fast as possible highly familiar visual stimuli, such as digits, letters, colors, and objects, is a strong predictor of reading in all languages studied so far (e.g., Finnish: Lepola, Poskiparta, Laakkonen, & Niemi, 2005; Greek: Protopapas, Altani, & Georgiou, 2013;German: Moll, Fussenegger, Willburger, & Landerl, 2009;Dutch: de Jong & van der Leij, 1999;English: Parrila, Kirby, & McQuarrie, 2004;Korean: Cho & Chiu, in press; Chinese: Pan et al, 2011). In most previous studies, the score in RAN has been the total time it takes an individual to name the entire series of stimuli.…”