Development of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus vaccines – advances and challenges

Cho, Heeyoun; Excler, Jean–Louis; Kim, Jerome H.; Yoon, In-Kyu

doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1389362

Cited by 21 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 98 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…Although a variety of vaccines have been developed against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, most of them are in the preclinical studies, and only several have been tested in clinical trials 4,5 (Du et al, 2016b;Cho et al, 2018). Nevertheless, no vaccines have been approved for the prevention of SARS and MERS in humans, demonstrating the need to develop effective and safe vaccines to control current MERS-CoV infection, or to be stockpiled for potential use against re-emerged SARS-CoV or SARSr-CoV.…”

Section: Overview Of Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogenic Human Coronmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subunit Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses

et al. 2020

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Seven coronaviruses (CoVs) have been isolated from humans so far. Among them, three emerging pathogenic CoVs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and a newly identified CoV (2019-nCoV), once caused or continue to cause severe infections in humans, posing significant threats to global public health. SARS-CoV infection in humans (with about 10% case fatality rate) was first reported from China in 2002, while MERS-CoV infection in humans (with about 34.4% case fatality rate) was first reported from Saudi Arabia in June 2012. 2019-nCoV was first reported from China in December 2019, and is currently infecting more than 70000 people (with about 2.7% case fatality rate). Both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are zoonotic viruses, using bats as their natural reservoirs, and then transmitting through intermediate hosts, leading to human infections. Nevertheless, the intermediate host for 2019-nCoV is still under investigation and the vaccines against this new CoV have not been available. Although a variety of vaccines have been developed against infections of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, none of them has been approved for use in humans. In this review, we have described the structure and function of key proteins of emerging human CoVs, overviewed the current vaccine types to be developed against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and summarized recent advances in subunit vaccines against these two pathogenic human CoVs. These subunit vaccines are introduced on the basis of full-length spike (S) protein, receptorbinding domain (RBD), non-RBD S protein fragments, and non-S structural proteins, and the potential factors affecting these subunit vaccines are also illustrated. Overall, this review will be helpful for rapid design and development of vaccines against the new 2019-nCoV and any future CoVs with pandemic potential. This review was written for the topic of Antivirals for Emerging Viruses: Vaccines and Therapeutics in the Virology section of Frontiers in Microbiology.

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Section: Overview Of Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogenic Human Coronmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subunit Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses

et al. 2020

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“…The pseudotyped viruses entering the cells will express all VSV proteins other than G protein, and these structural proteins will also be assembled into capsid protein particles with the replicated VSV defective genome (8). However, because there is no expression of surface proteins in this process, virus particles containing surface proteins cannot be formed (9). That is, the pseudotyped virus cannot replicate sequentially and has the ability of only a single-round infection.…”

Section: Development Of the Protocol And Production Of A Pseudotyped mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, S protein contains the binding region of the virus receptor, which mediates the adsorption and entry of the virus into cells. The S protein of coronaviruses is the main protein that stimulates the immune system to produce neutralizing antibodies after the virus infects the body [7][8][9][10] . Various monoclonal neutralizing antibodies against the S protein of coronaviruses have been isolated and proven to be effective in animal models [11][12][13][14] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody by a pseudotyped virus-based assay

et al. 2020

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Pseudotyped viruses are useful virological tools because of their safety and versatility. On the basis of a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyped virus production system, we developed a pseudotyped virus-based neutralization assay against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in biosafety level 2 facilities. Compared with the binding antibody test, the neutralization assay could discriminate the protective agents from the antibody family. This protocol includes production and titration of the SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped virus and the neutralization assay based on it. Various types of samples targeting virus attachment and entry could be evaluated for their potency, including serum samples derived from animals and humans, monoclonal antibodies and fusion inhibitors (peptides or small molecules). If the pseudotyped virus stock has been prepared in advance, it will take 2 days to get the potency data for the candidate samples. Experience in handling cells is needed before implementing this protocol.

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“…Among them, S protein contains the binding region of virus receptor, which mediates the adsorption and entry of virus into cells. S protein of the coronaviruses is the main protein that stimulates the immune system to produce neutralizing antibodies after the virus infects the body [6][7][8][9] . A variety of monoclonal neutralizing antibodies against S protein of coronaviruses have been isolated and proven to be effective in animal models [10][11][12][13] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody by a pseudotyped virus based assay

Nie

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Jianhui Nie, Qianqian Li, and Jiajing Wu contributed equally to this work.Pseudotyped viruses are useful virological tools due to their safety and versatility. Based on a VSV pseudotyped virus production system, we developed a pseudotyped virus-based neutralization assay against SARS-CoV-2 in biosafety level 2 facilities. This protocol includes production, titration of the SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped virus and neutralization assay based on it. Various types of samples targeting virus attachment and entry could be evaluated for their potency, including serum samples derived from animals and humans, monoclonal antibodies, fusion inhibitors (peptides or small molecules). If the pseudotyped virus stock has been prepared in advance, it will take 2 days to get the potency data for the candidate samples. Experience of handling cells is needed before implementing this protocol.

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Development of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus vaccines – advances and challenges

Cited by 21 publications

References 98 publications

Subunit Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses

Subunit Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses

Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody by a pseudotyped virus-based assay

Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody by a pseudotyped virus based assay

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