Development of forest structure on cleared rainforest land in eastern Australia under different styles of reforestation

Kanowski, John Joseph; Catterall, Carla; Wardell‐Johnson, Grant; Proctor, H. C.; Reis, Terence Michael

doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00109-9

Cited by 141 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…Explanations include a possible disproportionate influence of woody debris, especially large logs, in old-growth forest. This coheres with a hypothesis that wood-rotting fungi are likely to disproportionately benefit SOM formation by virtue of higher substrate use efficiency and would explain the consistent difference in SOM between old-growth forest and other land uses, as the former tends to have more woody debris (Kanowski et al, 2003). It is also interesting to hypothesise that wellestablished fungi with very large mycelia, extending over tens or even hundreds of metres, may have overwhelming influence on soil microbial function and composition, and would take decades or even centuries to reach this size.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Restoration of soil microbes and organic matter through tropical reforestation

Bonner¹

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Soil organic matter (SOM) is of global importance as it represents a greater carbon pool than atmosphere or terrestrial vegetation and it strongly regulates primary productivity. SOM is thus integral to global climate change mitigation and food security. Recent advances reveal a pivotal role of soil microbes in both SOM formation and decomposition, placing them at the nexus of global biogeochemical cycles. However, the soil microbial traits that best promote SOM formation and persistence, and the environmental conditions that best promote such traits, remain poorly characterised -particularly in the tropics. In this thesis, I evaluated the interplay between microbial function and composition, vegetation, and SOM dynamics in tropical soils. My experimentation spanned laboratory and field study scales in two continents: (i) soil carbon cycling was examined following manipulations of soil microbial composition and function under controlled laboratory conditions in microcosms, (ii) the responses of soil microbes and SOM were compared in decadalold high diversity rainforest restoration plantings and reference soils under pasture and old-growth rainforest in tropical northeast Australia, and (iii) tropical tree monoculture and mixed species plantings in the Philippines were assessed for restoration of soil microbial traits and SOM. Several insights were gained that advance knowledge on SOM dynamics in the tropical context. Soil microbial substrate use efficiency, an indicator of SOM formation potential, changed significantly with microbial composition, increasing with greater fungal dominance. Stable SOM under Australian rainforest restoration plantings was unchanged circa two decades after plantation establishment, with no sign of recovery towards reference old-growth rainforest levels, which coincided with similarly stagnant microbial recovery. Soil microbial composition explained most of the variation in SOM across land uses in the Philippines, where SOM was also slow to recover, and microbial composition in turn correlated strongly with aboveground plant composition. The results thus indicate that (i) microbial composition can have a direct influence on efficiency of formation of SOM precursor material (microbial residues), and (ii) slow microbial recovery with reforestation coincides with slow SOM recovery. In combination with previous research suggesting that microbial traits are major determinants of SOM formation and persistence, the results prompt me to speculate that reliable restoration of stable SOM through tropical reforestation may often be constrained by limited restoration of the soil microbial community. This in turn may require more comprehensive restoration of aboveground plant community composition, or, potentially, upon active manipulation of soil microbial communities to circumvent long lag times that may prevent effective restoration of soil function. Future developments in forest restoration and climate mitigation efforts may require a shift towards integrating the soil microbial commun...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Restoration of soil microbes and organic matter through tropical reforestation

Bonner¹

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“…Conversely, this layer may favor recruitment by maintaining soil humidity and by hiding the seeds from predators. The interaction of these effects determines recruitment, and ultimately the structure of the plant community (Kanowski et al 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil seed bank and the effect of needle litter layer on seedling emergence in a tropical pine plantation

Bueno¹,

Baruch²

2010

RBT

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Abstract:The soil seed bank is the basis for community establishment and permanence and plays a primary role in natural restoration of degraded or altered ecosystems. As part of a restoration project, this study aimed to quantify the soil seed bank and to evaluate the effect of the needle litter layer on seedling emergence. Soil samples from a pine plantation were collected at random in the field and set to germinate in a greenhouse. Half of them were covered by a 6cm layer of dead pine needles simulating field conditions. in the field, 20x20cm plots were established, half were left intact and half were cleaned from the litter needles. All four treatments had 15 replicates and seedling emergence was recorded during six months. Soil seed bank density was 1 222/m 2 from 17 morphotypes. in the field, the number of morphotypes and seedlings was only 9% and 6% respectively, of those emerged in the greenhouse, possibly due to watering and lack of predation in the latter. in both cases, herbs and graminoids were the dominant emerging seedlings, making up to 70-90% of the total. The needle layer didn't prevent seeds from reaching the soil but strongly reduced (>50%) seedling emergence, although high variability within treatments resulted in no statistically significant differences. These results show that the needle layer hinders germination and/or emergence of seedlings from the seed bank. its removal may be a recommended technique to accelerate natural restoration in pine plantations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1071-1079. Epub 2011 September 01.

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“…On the other hand, in fragmented forest landscape, where the propagules are not abundant, a low diversity of tree plantations will not be sufficiently able to catalyze forest restoration (KANOWSKI et al, 2003;LARJAVAARA, 2008;RODRIGUES et al, 2011). The absence of fauna in these areas enhances the problem (DA SILVA;TABARELLI, 2000;RODRIGUES et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytosociology and Structural Characterization of Woody Regeneration From a Reforestation With Native Species in Southeastern Brazil

Colmanetti

Barbosa²,

Shirasuna³

et al. 2016

Rev. Árvore

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-In Brazil, specifically in São Paulo State, there are guidelines based on the high diversity of tropical forests that instructs the restoration projects in the state (current SMA 32/2014). The main goal of this study was verify the importance and effectiveness of the high diversity of arboreal species originated from a reforestation, and its influence in a woody regenerating composition. We developed a phytosociologic study in a woody regenerating stratum of a nine year old reforestation at a Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (RPPN), in Mogi-Guaçu, São Paulo State. All specimens with height > 30 cm and Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) < 5 cm were evaluated. The woody regenerating diversity was smaller than the overstory diversity and the species composition was similar to the overstory. The Simpson index (1-D) was 0.85, Shannon index (H') was 2.46 and the Pielou index (J') was 0.60. The zoochoric dispersion syndrome was major among the species. Our results suggest that the use of high diversity of native seedlings in a reforestation leads to high diversity of species in woody regeneration stratum, after one decade of planting.

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Development of forest structure on cleared rainforest land in eastern Australia under different styles of reforestation

Cited by 141 publications

References 46 publications

Restoration of soil microbes and organic matter through tropical reforestation

Restoration of soil microbes and organic matter through tropical reforestation

Soil seed bank and the effect of needle litter layer on seedling emergence in a tropical pine plantation

Phytosociology and Structural Characterization of Woody Regeneration From a Reforestation With Native Species in Southeastern Brazil

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