Development of efficient and sustainable added-value products from municipal biosolids through an industrially feasible process

Integrated Biotechnology Management of Biosolids: Sustainable Ways to Produce Value—Added Products

“…TrOCs such as pesticides, industrial chemicals, hormones, PhACs like antibiotics, antimicrobial agents, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and other organic pollutants pose a major threat as they induce direct biological action in the living system (Semblante et al, 2015;Rathankumar et al, 2020). Subsequently, a bioaccumulation of antibiotics in plants has been reported due to a direct application of contaminant-containing BS (Rathankumar et al, 2020).…”

“…TrOCs such as pesticides, industrial chemicals, hormones, PhACs like antibiotics, antimicrobial agents, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and other organic pollutants pose a major threat as they induce direct biological action in the living system (Semblante et al, 2015;Rathankumar et al, 2020). Subsequently, a bioaccumulation of antibiotics in plants has been reported due to a direct application of contaminant-containing BS (Rathankumar et al, 2020). A risk quotient evaluation of the common pharmaceuticals found in BS concluded that penicillin, tetracycline, macrolide, quinolone, trimethoprim and sulfonamides pose the maximum risk in the environment, such as hindering the soil ecosystem, inducing antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and affecting soil lifeforms (Rathankumar et al, 2020).…”

“…Subsequently, a bioaccumulation of antibiotics in plants has been reported due to a direct application of contaminant-containing BS (Rathankumar et al, 2020). A risk quotient evaluation of the common pharmaceuticals found in BS concluded that penicillin, tetracycline, macrolide, quinolone, trimethoprim and sulfonamides pose the maximum risk in the environment, such as hindering the soil ecosystem, inducing antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and affecting soil lifeforms (Rathankumar et al, 2020). Moreover, TrOCs which were released into the environment through anthropogenic activities and their "natural levels" continue to increase due to urbanization and industrialization (Verlicchi et al, 2012;Rathankumar et al, 2020).…”

“…BS containing pathogens and hazardous contaminants affect the soil vegetation and ground water level, so proper treatment and disposal of BS are necessary to protect the environment; this disposal could represent up to 50% of the total operating cost of WWTPs (Rathankumar et al, 2020;Vaithyanathan et al, 2021b). Moreover, BS disposal could be responsible for up to 40% of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from WWTPs (Qian et al, 2016;Gherghel et al, 2019).…”

“…), alkyl phenols, flame retardants, hormones, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, certain metals (arsenic, mercury, silver, and selenium, etc. ), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dioxins and furans, and pathogens (Rathankumar et al, 2020). However, their environmental fate and significance is not known or well-understood (Kinney et al, 2006;CCMEA, 2010).…”