Development of a Product Screening Protocol to Minimize Marine Environmental Impacts of Oil Production Chemicals Used Offshore

Vik, Eilen Arctander; Berg, J. D.; Bakke, Siri; Øfjord, Gro D.; Reinhard, Martin

doi:10.2166/wst.1992.0080

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The percentage will vary with the distribution of surfactants between the oil and water phases. Vik, et al (4) viewed the distribution of chemicals between oil and water phases as critical factors in screening chemicals for suitability for use in the North Sea.…”

Section: Background and Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Toxicity and Persistence of Surfactants Used in the Petroleum Producing Industry

Maddin¹

1991

Proceedings of SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference

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This paper presents a survey of marine toxicity and biodegradability data for surfactants used in the petroleum industry.Surfactants are key chemicals in the formulation of products such as emulsifiers, demulsifiers, dispersants and inhibitors. They are also used directly as foaming and defoaming agents. Because they function at low concentrations, below I %, and have a tendency to adsorb on solid surfaces, their long-term environmental effects are minimal. In applications such as cementing, surfactants cannot migrate into the environment and, thus, have no bioavailability.The possibility of environmental contamination has caused well operators and regulatory agencies to require fish toxicity and persistence data for products used in servicing wells. This data has been organized for nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants. Nonionic surfactants are toxic to fish at concentrations below 10 mg/L to o'!er 2500 mg/L depending on their chemical compositions. Anionic surfactants are toxic to fish at concentrations under 1 mg/L to several hundred mg/L depending on their chemical compositions. Cationic and amphoteric surfactants are generally toxic to fish at concentrations below 50 mg/L.Overall efforts are aimed at low toxicity and high biodegradability with the least compromise i n product References and figures at end of paper. 339efficiency. This requires the continual testing and environmental evaluation of surfactants summarized herein.

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Section: Background and Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Toxicity and Persistence of Surfactants Used in the Petroleum Producing Industry

Maddin¹

1991

Proceedings of SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference

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“…Separation of oil, gas, and water from produced hydrocarbon stream on an offshore platform is by addition of certain chemicals; these chemicals that include corrosion inhibitors, deemulsifiers, defoamers and biocides [5] are toxic to the marine environment. This depends on several factors such as allowed fraction of each chemical in the mixer with the produced water and the quantity of discharged produced water in each batch [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Options for Treatment of Produced Water in Offshore Petroleum Platforms

Igwe¹,

Saadi²,

Ngene³

2013

J Pollut Eff Cont

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During Petroleum exploration, water, which is trapped in underground formations, is brought to the surface along with oil or gas. This water, referred to as Produced water, has constituents that make it unsafe to be discharged into the environment without adequate treatment. In offshore locations, the situation is even more difficult since there is always limited space for produced water treatment. The treatment of Produced water will not only provide water for use but will protect our environment against pollution. This paper has reviewed exhaustively the various ways of handling produced water on the basis of its constituents, expected use of the effluent fluid, adherence to the local regulations on environmental protection, available expertise, and cost of its treatment. Furthermore, the paper has selected some key produced water treatment techniques, discussed their advantages as well as limitations to enable oil and gas operators to make informed decision depending on the circumstances surrounding their operations.

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“…Some production chemicals have been shown to be appreciably toxic in standard toxicity tests. 3 However, studies of their impact on the acute toxicity of produced water discharges suggest it is likely to be minimal under normal platform operating conditions. 4 Of increasing environmental concern are the chronic toxicological and adverse biological effects that these chemicals may have on marine organisms.…”

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Measurement of oilfield chemical residues in produced water discharges and marine sediments

Grigson

Wilkinson

Johnson

et al. 2000

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.

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During oil production, significant quantities of water are produced with the crude oil which, following treatment on the platform, are discharged to the marine environment. This produced water contains residues of oilfield chemicals added by the platform operators to the topside processing equipment to aid oil‐water separation and mitigate operational problems. The levels of oilfield chemicals entering the marine environment via this route were investigated using electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) and wet chemical analysis techniques. The generic nature of different chemical types was shown by ESI‐MS/MS. Studies of the partitioning behaviour of corrosion inhibitors and demulsifiers between the oil and water phases of the produced fluids suggested corrosion inhibitors partitioned primarily into the aqueous phase and demulsifiers into the oil phase. This was reflected in levels observed in produced water although, in the case of a corrosion inhibitor, lower than expected concentrations were measured. Scale inhibitors were discharged with the produced water at their dosing concentrations. Marine sediments in the proximity of two North Sea oil platforms contained low levels of benzalkonium quaternary ammonium salts (0.74–10.84 ng/g), typical corrosion inhibitor chemicals. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Development of a Product Screening Protocol to Minimize Marine Environmental Impacts of Oil Production Chemicals Used Offshore

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Marine Toxicity and Persistence of Surfactants Used in the Petroleum Producing Industry

Marine Toxicity and Persistence of Surfactants Used in the Petroleum Producing Industry

Optimal Options for Treatment of Produced Water in Offshore Petroleum Platforms

Measurement of oilfield chemical residues in produced water discharges and marine sediments

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