Development of a polymerase chain reaction to distinguish monocellate cobra ( Naja khouthia ) bites from other common Thai snake species, using both venom extracts and bite-site swabs

Suntrarachun, Sunutcha; Pakmanee, Narumol; Tirawatnapong, Thaweesak; Chanhome, Lawan; Sitprija, Visith

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00246-4

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Many of these are immunoassays, e.g., in the form of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) [ 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 ], lateral flow assays (LFAs) [ 86 , 87 ], impedimetric immunoassays [ 88 ], and others [ 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 ]. Other researchers have instead explored the potential of utilizing technologies, such as polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) [ 93 , 94 , 95 ] and enzymatic assays [ 96 ], for diagnosis of snakebite envenoming. The differences between these assays in terms of how long time they take to run, user-friendliness, species covered, sensitivity, specificity, limit of detection (LoD), and limit of quantification (LoQ) make them differentially suited for clinical and research use.…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Snake Dry Bitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Knowledge on Snake Dry Bites

Pucca

Knudsen

Oliveira

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Snake ‘dry bites’ are characterized by the absence of venom being injected into the victim during a snakebite incident. The dry bite mechanism and diagnosis are quite complex, and the lack of envenoming symptoms in these cases may be misinterpreted as a miraculous treatment or as proof that the bite from the perpetrating snake species is rather harmless. The circumstances of dry bites and their clinical diagnosis are not well-explored in the literature, which may lead to ambiguity amongst treating personnel about whether antivenom is indicated or not. Here, the epidemiology and recorded history of dry bites are reviewed, and the clinical knowledge on the dry bite phenomenon is presented and discussed. Finally, this review proposes a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol to assist medical care after snake dry bites, aiming to improve patient outcomes.

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Section: Diagnosis Of Snake Dry Bitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Knowledge on Snake Dry Bites

Pucca

Knudsen

Oliveira

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…Under these aspects, the use of forensic molecular techniques as an explorative and complementary tool for snake species diagnosis is promising. Forensic routine has shown that it is feasible to identify an aggressor (e.g., human or dog) based on trace DNA from bite marks [71], and this is also possible in the case of snakes [72]. PCR amplification and sequencing of snake DNA obtained from bite-site swabs has recently been used to identify biting snakes in an animal model and in clinical cases from Bangladesh and Nepal (Kuch et al, unpublished data).…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Snake Bite in South Asia: A Review

Alirol

Sharma

Bawaskar³

et al. 2010

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

383

380

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Snake bite is one of the most neglected public health issues in poor rural communities living in the tropics. Because of serious misreporting, the true worldwide burden of snake bite is not known. South Asia is the world's most heavily affected region, due to its high population density, widespread agricultural activities, numerous venomous snake species and lack of functional snake bite control programs. Despite increasing knowledge of snake venoms' composition and mode of action, good understanding of clinical features of envenoming and sufficient production of antivenom by Indian manufacturers, snake bite management remains unsatisfactory in this region. Field diagnostic tests for snake species identification do not exist and treatment mainly relies on the administration of antivenoms that do not cover all of the important venomous snakes of the region. Care-givers need better training and supervision, and national guidelines should be fed by evidence-based data generated by well-designed research studies. Poorly informed rural populations often apply inappropriate first-aid measures and vital time is lost before the victim is transported to a treatment centre, where cost of treatment can constitute an additional hurdle. The deficiency of snake bite management in South Asia is multi-causal and requires joint collaborative efforts from researchers, antivenom manufacturers, policy makers, public health authorities and international funders.

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“…Suntrarachun and colleagues [27] were the first group to investigate the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to distinguish the venom of the Thai cobra ( Naja kaouthia ) from the venoms of other Thai species using an experimental mouse model. In this early study, the sequences of nucleotide primers for the cobrotoxin-encoding gene from the Chinese cobra ( Naja atra ) were chosen because, at that time, the sequences of N.kaouthia were still unknown.…”

Section: Biodetection Methods Considered For Use In Venom Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Snakebite and the Importance of Immunological Tests in Venom Research

Theakston

Laing

2014

Toxins

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In many cases of envenoming following snake bite, the snake responsible for the accident remains unidentified; this frequently results in difficulty deciding which antivenom to administer to the systemically-envenomed victim, especially when only monospecific antivenoms are available. Normally the specific diagnosis of snake bite can be conveniently made using clinical and laboratory methods. Where clinical diagnosis depends upon the recognition of specific signs of envenoming in the patient, laboratory diagnosis is based on the changes which occur in envenomed victims including the detection of abnormalities in blood parameters, presence/absence of myoglobinuria, changes in certain enzyme levels, presence/absence of neurotoxic signs and the detection in the blood of specific venom antigens using immunologically-based techniques, such as enzyme immunoassay. It is the latter which is the main subject of this review, together with the application of techniques currently used to objectively assess the effectiveness of new and existing antivenoms, to assess first aid measures, to investigate the possible use of such methods in epidemiological studies, and to detect individual venom components. With this in mind, we have discussed in some detail how such techniques were developed and how they have helped in the treatment of envenoming particularly and in venom research in general.

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Development of a polymerase chain reaction to distinguish monocellate cobra ( Naja khouthia ) bites from other common Thai snake species, using both venom extracts and bite-site swabs

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Current Knowledge on Snake Dry Bites

Current Knowledge on Snake Dry Bites

Snake Bite in South Asia: A Review

Diagnosis of Snakebite and the Importance of Immunological Tests in Venom Research

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