Development of a 3D printed stethoscope for virtual cardiac auscultation examination training

Validation of 3D printed MAYO tubes and stethoscope in simulated medical environment – Tools fabricated with additive manufacturing for emergency care

“…Previous studies have shown that 3D-printed stethoscopes can be comparable to standard instruments, such as Littmann Cardiology III [ 19 ], and smart solutions, such as smartphone-connected stethoscopes, can be fabricated as well [ [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] ]. A recent study involving four medical students and two instructors examined and proved the usability of 3D-printed stethoscopes in auscultation training, in which they simulated mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and aortic stenosis [ 24 ]. Supraglottic airway management devices have been successfully developed and tested on Thiel embalmed bodies [ 25 ]; however, no previous work has reported the use of 3D printing for manufacturing MAYO tubes [ 26 ].…”