Development and progress on hydrogen metallurgy

Tang, Jue; Chu, Mansheng; Li, Feng; Feng, Cong; Liu, Zhenggen; Zhou, Yusheng

doi:10.1007/s12613-020-2021-4

Cited by 208 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…During the indirect reduction of iron oxides, the reducing agent is carbon monoxide, and the reduction reaction proceeds according to the following equation [ 24 ]:

…”

Section: Methodology Of Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research on Reduction of Selected Iron-Bearing Waste Materials

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During the steel production process, nearly twice as many input materials are used as compared to finished products. This creates a large amount of post-production waste, including slag, dust, and sludge. New iron production technologies enable the reuse and recycling of metallurgical waste. This paper presents an investigation on the reduction of selected iron-bearing waste materials in a laboratory rotary furnace. Iron-bearing waste materials in the form of dust, scale, and sludge were obtained from several Polish metallurgical plants as research material. A chemical analysis made it possible to select samples with sufficiently high iron content for testing. The assumed iron content limit in waste materials was 40 wt.% Fe. A sieve analysis of the samples used in the subsequent stages of the research was also performed. The tests carried out with the use of a CO as a reducer, at a temperature of 1000 °C, allowed to obtain high levels of metallization of the samples for scale 91.6%, dust 66.9%, and sludge 97.3%. These results indicate that in the case of sludge and scale, the degree of metallization meets the requirements for charge materials used in both blast furnace (BF) and electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking processes, while in the case of reduced dust, this material can be used as enriched charge in the blast furnace process. Reduction studies were also carried out using a gas mixture of CO and H2 (50 vol.% CO + 50 vol.% H2). The introduction of hydrogen as a reducing agent in reduction processes meets the urgent need of reducing CO2 emissions. The obtained results confirm the great importance and influence of the selection of the right amount of reducer on the achievement of a high degree of metallization and that these materials can be a valuable source of metallic charge for blast furnace and steelmaking processes. At an earlier stage of the established research program, experiments of the iron oxides reduction from iron-bearing waste materials in a stationary layer in a Tammann furnace were also conducted.

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“…During the indirect reduction of iron oxides, the reducing agent is carbon monoxide, and the reduction reaction proceeds according to the following equation [ 24 ]:

…”

Section: Methodology Of Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under such conditions in the system, CO 2 is reconstituted into CO, therefore the gas phase composition still has sufficient potential to reduce FeO to metallic iron. This form of reduction by carbon with the formation of CO is called direct reduction [ 24 ]:

…”

Section: Methodology Of Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Reduction of Selected Iron-Bearing Waste Materials

et al. 2021

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“…By utilizing electrochemical water‐splitting, renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, can be stored in the form of molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) [1] . Hydrogen can be used directly as a fuel, [2] serves as a valuable feedstock for chemical syntheses [3] and can also replace carbon as reducing agent in steel production [4] . Commercial electrolyzers for water splitting currently often rely on platinum as a catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), especially when the proton‐exchange membrane (PEM) technology is used at low pH [5] .…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

[Mo₃S₁₃]²⁻ as a Model System for Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis by MoS_x: Probing Protonation Sites in the Gas Phase by Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy

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Materials based on molybdenum sulfide are known as efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts. As the binding site for H atoms on molybdenum sulfides for the catalytic process is under debate, [HMo 3 S 13 ] À is an interesting molecular model system to address this question. Herein, we probe the [HMo 3 S 13 ] À cluster in the gas phase by coupling Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. Our investigations show one distinct S À H stretching vibration at 2450 cm À1. Thermochemical arguments based on DFT calculations strongly suggest a terminal disulfide unit as the H adsorption site.

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“…Mit Hilfe elektrochemischer Wasserspaltung können erneuerbare Energieformen wie Sonnenenergie und Windkraft in Form von molekularem Wasserstoff (H 2 ) gespeichert werden [1] . Wasserstoff kann direkt als Treibstoff verwendet werden, [2] dient als wertvolles Ausgangsmaterial für chemische Synthesen [3] und kann auch Kohlenstoff als Reduktionsmittel in der Stahlproduktion ersetzen [4] . Kommerzielle Wasserelektrolyseure hängen derzeit oft von Platin als Katalysator für die Wasserstoffentwicklung (hydrogen evolution reaction HER) ab, vor allem wenn hierfür die Technologie der Protonenaustauschmembran (PEM) bei niedrigem pH‐Wert eingesetzt wird [5] .…”

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[Mo₃S₁₃]²⁻ als Modellsystem für die katalytische Wasserstoffentwicklung durch MoS_x: Untersuchung der Protonierungsstellen in der Gasphase durch Infrarot‐Mehrphotonendissoziationsspektroskopie

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Development and progress on hydrogen metallurgy

Cited by 208 publications

References 26 publications

Research on Reduction of Selected Iron-Bearing Waste Materials

Research on Reduction of Selected Iron-Bearing Waste Materials

[Mo₃S₁₃]²⁻ as a Model System for Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis by MoS_x: Probing Protonation Sites in the Gas Phase by Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy

[Mo₃S₁₃]²⁻ als Modellsystem für die katalytische Wasserstoffentwicklung durch MoS_x: Untersuchung der Protonierungsstellen in der Gasphase durch Infrarot‐Mehrphotonendissoziationsspektroskopie

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Development and progress on hydrogen metallurgy

Cited by 208 publications

References 26 publications

Research on Reduction of Selected Iron-Bearing Waste Materials

Research on Reduction of Selected Iron-Bearing Waste Materials

[Mo3S13]2− as a Model System for Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis by MoSx: Probing Protonation Sites in the Gas Phase by Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy

[Mo3S13]2− als Modellsystem für die katalytische Wasserstoffentwicklung durch MoSx: Untersuchung der Protonierungsstellen in der Gasphase durch Infrarot‐Mehrphotonendissoziationsspektroskopie

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[Mo₃S₁₃]²⁻ as a Model System for Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis by MoS_x: Probing Protonation Sites in the Gas Phase by Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy

[Mo₃S₁₃]²⁻ als Modellsystem für die katalytische Wasserstoffentwicklung durch MoS_x: Untersuchung der Protonierungsstellen in der Gasphase durch Infrarot‐Mehrphotonendissoziationsspektroskopie