Development and evaluation of a modified agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection using tachyzoites cultivated in cell culture

Al-Adhami, Batol; Simard, Manon; Hernández-Ortiz, Adrián; Boireau, Clémence; Gajadhar, Alvin A.

doi:10.1016/j.fawpar.2015.12.001

Cited by 24 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Moreover, the presence of IgM antibodies in the sera causes non-specific agglutination (Dubey, 2008). The MAT is an adaptation of the DAT with some adjustments involving the preparation of the antigen and incubation period of the test plates (Dubey, 1997;Al-Adhami et al, 2016).…”

Section: Agglutination Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Current Trends of Toxoplasmosis Serodiagnosis in Humans

Ybañez

Nishikawa

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Toxoplasmosis is a widely distributed zoonotic infection caused by the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It is mainly transmitted through the ingestion of oocysts shed by an infected cat acting as its definitive host. The key to effective control and treatment of toxoplasmosis is prompt and accurate detection of T. gondii infection. Several laboratory diagnostic methods have been established, including the most commonly used serological assays such as the dye test (DT), direct or modified agglutination test (DAT/MAT), indirect hemagglutination test (IHA), latex agglutination test (LAT), indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), immunochromatographic tests (ICT), and the western blot. Nonetheless, creating specific and reliable approaches for serodiagnosis of T. gondii infection, and differentiating between acute and chronic phases of infection remains a challenge. This review provides information on the current trends in the serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis. It highlights the advantages of the use of recombinant proteins for serological testing and provides insight into the possible future direction of these methods.

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Section: Agglutination Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Current Trends of Toxoplasmosis Serodiagnosis in Humans

Ybañez

Nishikawa

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Like ELISAs, agglutination tests were also designed in a number of different ways (Table 1 ). Traditional agglutination tests (called modified agglutination tests) use fixed tachyzoites as agglutogen, which are widely used but difficult to standardize, due to the variations during tachyzoites preparation (Al-Adhami et al, 2016 ; Feng et al, 2016 ). To improve, different recombinant antigens derived from T. gondii were used to coat and sensitize red blood cells or latex particles, which were then used as agglutogen.…”

Section: Development Of Diagnostic Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sixty Years (1957–2017) of Research on Toxoplasmosis in China—An Overview

et al. 2017

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Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen belonging to apicomplexan parasites. Infection in humans and animals may cause abortion and other severe symptoms under certain circumstances, leading to great economical losses and public health problems. T. gondii was first discovered in China in 1955 and the corresponding work was published in 1957. Since then, a lot of work has been done on this parasite and the diseases it causes. This review summarizes the major progress made by Chinese scientists over the last 60 years, and gives our perspectives on what should be done in the near future. A wide variety of diagnostic approaches were designed, including the ones to detect T. gondii specific antibodies in host sera, and T. gondii specific antigens or DNA in tissue and environmental samples. Further work will be needed to translate some of the laboratory assays into reliable products for clinic uses. Epidemiological studies were extensively done in China and the sero-prevalence in humans increased over the years, but is still below the world average, likely due to the unique eating and cooking habits. Infection rates were shown to be fairly high in meat producing animals such as, pigs, sheep, and chickens, as well as in the definitive host cats. Numerous subunit vaccines in the form of recombinant proteins or DNA vaccines were developed, but none of them is satisfactory in the current form. Live attenuated parasites using genetically modified strains may be a better option for vaccine design. The strains isolated from China are dominated by the ToxoDB #9 genotype, but it likely contains multiple subtypes since different ToxoDB #9 strains exhibited phenotypic differences. Further studies are needed to understand the general biology, as well as the unique features of strains prevalent in China.

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“…A stock of 2.0 × 10 8 cultured VEG type III T. gondii tachyzoites stored at - 20 °C was supplied by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's Centre for Foodborne and Animal Parasitology (CFAP) in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada ( Al-Adhami et al, 2016 ). A serial dilution was performed to obtain solutions of 2.5 × 10 6 , 2.5 × 10 5 and 2.5 × 10 4 tachyzoites per ml.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as sentinels for parasitic zoonoses, Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella nativa, in the northeastern Canadian Arctic

Bachand

Ravel

Leighton

et al. 2018

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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Outbreaks of Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. have been recurring for decades among Inuit of Nunavik, northeastern Canada. Contact with wildlife has been identified as a risk factor for Inuit exposure to T. gondii, but reservoirs have yet to be confirmed based on direct detection of DNA or organism. Similarly, little is known about the occurrence of Trichinella spp. in wildlife species of Nunavik other than walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) and bears (Ursus americanus, Ursus maritimus). Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were targeted as possible sentinels for T. gondii and Trichinella spp. because of their high trophic position within the Arctic food chain as carnivorous scavengers. A total of 39 red foxes were sampled from four communities in southern and western Nunavik between November 2015 and September 2016. For the first time in wildlife, a novel magnetic capture DNA extraction and real-time PCR technique was used to isolate and detect T. gondii DNA from the heart and brain of foxes. A double separatory funnel digestion method followed by multiplex PCR was used to recover and genotype larvae of Trichinella spp. from tongues of foxes. Seroprevalence based on detection of antibodies to T. gondii was 41% (95% CI: 27–57%) using a commercially available modified agglutination test (MAT). Detection of DNA of T. gondii and larvae of Trichinella nativa (T2) occurred in 44% (95% CI: 28–60%) and 36% (95% CI: 21–51%) of foxes, respectively. Coinfection with both T. nativa and T. gondii occurred among 23% (95%CI: 13–38%) of foxes which can be attributed to co-transmission from prey and scavenged species in their diet. There was only moderate agreement between T. gondii serology and direct detection of T. gondii DNA using the MC-PCR technique (Kappa test statistic: 0.321), suggesting that using both methods in tandem can increase the sensitivity of detection for this parasite. These findings show that foxes are good sentinels for circulation of parasitic zoonoses in terrestrial northern ecosystems since they are highly exposed, show measurable indicators of infection and do not serve as exposure sources for humans.

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Development and evaluation of a modified agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection using tachyzoites cultivated in cell culture

Cited by 24 publications

References 18 publications

Review on the Current Trends of Toxoplasmosis Serodiagnosis in Humans

Review on the Current Trends of Toxoplasmosis Serodiagnosis in Humans

Sixty Years (1957–2017) of Research on Toxoplasmosis in China—An Overview

Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as sentinels for parasitic zoonoses, Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella nativa, in the northeastern Canadian Arctic

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