“…Urbanisation, which occurs on a large and rapid scale in rural areas influences the energy and material flow in the landscape, adversely affects local/regional biodiversity, and causes changes in climatic parameters (Green & Baker, 2003). Furthermore, urbanisation leads to a significant reduction in arable land, habitat destruction, extinction of species, and deterioration of landscape structure with patch fragmentation (Alphan, 2003); (McKinney, 2006); (Xian, Crane, & Su, 2007); (Grimm, et al, 2008); (Eroğlu, et al, 2018); Çorbacı & Dönmez, 2019). Various landscape metrics have been developed and used to measure spatial changes in the landscape structure (McGarigal & Marks, 1995 Kamusoko & Aniya, 2006) have shown that the pattern or structure of a landscape can be quantified using land cover/land use data in combination with a wide range of landscape metrics or indices.…”