Determination of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Lavatera thuringiaca L. Medicinal Herb Material Extracted under Subcritical Conditions by the Liquid Carbon Dioxide Method

Abstract

This article presents the composition of the components of Lavatera thuringiaca L. (Malvaceae Juss. family), which has a certain antibacterial effect. The plant collection was carried out in the Shamalgan gorge of Mountain Range of the Trans-Ili Alatau in the territory of the Karasay district of the Almaty region, in the flowering phase. A CO2 extract of the aboveground part of the medicinal plant Lavatera thuringiaca L. was obtained under subcritical conditions and, for the first time, studied for its component composition and antimicrobial activity. Determination of the chemical composition of the extract was carried out by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). To identify the obtained mass spectra, we used the Wiley 7th edition and the NIST’02 data library. To determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activity, standard test strains of microorganisms were used: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Streptococcus pneumonia ATCC 660, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. In the composition of thick CO2Lavatera thuringiaca L. extract, the content of 31 components was proven: spathulenol 6.97%, pulegone 5 08%, cis-β-farnesene 7.63%, verbenone 1.93%, α-bisabolol oxide B 9.65%, bisabolol oxide A 8.26%, α-bisabolol 1.36%, linolenic acid, ethyl ether 3.15%, phytol 2.49%, herniarin 5.61%, linolenic acid 9.38%, linoleic acid 6.95%, myristic acid 2.33%, and elaidic acid 2.57%. Antimicrobial activity studies have shown that the CO2 extract of Lavatera thuringiaca L. has a pronounced effect against clinically significant microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. During testing, the method of serial dilutions proved that the extract of Lavatera thuringiaca L. has a bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 0.83 μg/μl, on Escherichia coli at a concentration of 3.33 μg/μl, on Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 0.83 μg/μl, on Streptococcus pneumoniae at a concentration of 1.67 μg/μl, on a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus haemolyticus at a concentration of 26.65 μg/μl, on Staphylococcus saprophyticus at a concentration of 6.67 μg/μl, and against Klebsiella pneumoniae at a concentration of 13.36 μg/μl. The test result showed that the extract also has fungicidal activity against the test culture of Candida albicans at a concentration of 0.21 μg/μl. At tests, the disc diffusion method proved that the extract has antimicrobial activity with high values of the growth suppression zone exceeding 15 mm. The zones of growth retardation of the test strains were 19.33 ± 1.15 for Staphylococcus aureus; 17.33 ± 3.21 for Escherichia coli; 15.67 ± 0.57 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 20.0 ± 1.0 for Streptococcus pneumoniae; 16.0 ± 2.64 for Klebsiella pneumoniae; 15.0 ± 1.0 for Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and 22.0 ± 1.73 for Candida albicans. In relation to the clinical isolate of Staphylococcus haemolyticus, the extract has a bacteriostatic effect.

A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes—What Is Inside and What Is It For?

“…In spite of this, there is no evidence methyl salicylate in isolation possesses any antibacterial effect, but it is used as a fragrance, with anti-inflammatory effect [ 104 ]. Bisabolol possesses anti-inflammatory [ 105 ] and antimicrobial [ 106 ] activity. Menthol presents moderate antimicrobial (antibacterial) effects ( Mentha piperita oil also shows antiviral and antifungal properties) [ 107 ].…”

The agricultural and therapeutic potential of <i>Lavatera thuringiaca</i> (L.)

“…A total of 25 different species of Lavatera can be found in the Malvaceae family, with the majority of growing in Mediterranean climates (Zhandabayeva et al, 2021). L. thuringiaca is a species of the Lavatera family (Malvaceae) naturally occurring in the Adriatic Sea zone to central Siberia, through central Europe, and southern Scandinavia (Celka et al, 2013;Ray, 1995;Revenga et al, 2000).…”

“…Due to the high favorable content of phenolic compounds, it is applied in the pharmaceutical industry as a medicinal plant (Matławska et al, 1999). Zhandabayeva et al (2021) present the composition of L. thuringiaca components that have a certain antibacterial effect. In the composition of thick CO 2 L. thuringiaca extract, the content of 31 components was proven: α-bisabolol oxide B (9.65%), linolenic acid (9.38%), bisabolol oxide A (8.26%), cisβ-farnesene (7.63%), spathulenol (6.97%), linoleic acid (6.95%), herniarin (5.61%), pulegone (5.08%), ethyl ether (3.15%), elaidic acid (2.57%), phytol (2.49%), myristic acid (2.33%), verbenone (1.93%), and α-bisabolol (1.36%).…”

“…Isopulegone, Piperitone, E-Nerolidol, Caryophyllene oxides and E-Nerolidol Monoterpenoid Anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, gastroprotective, anti-stress, antimicrobial, antiviral, and perfume compositions (Shahverdi et al, 2004;Silva et al, 2007Silva et al, , 2009aSilva et al, , 2009b (Jalalvand et al, 2019;Kim et al, 2014;Kusumah et al, 2020;Li et al, 2003;Saeed et al, 2012;Tu et al, 2019;Zhandabayeva et al, 2021) Myristic acid, Stearic acid, Elaidic acid Saturated fatty acid Antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and against herpes viruses (Andrei et al, 2000;Chen et al, 2019;Habib et al, 1987) Herniarin or 7-methoxycoumarin Coumarin Antigenotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive (Andrei et al, 2000;Cheriyan et al, 2017;Nayeli et al, 2020) Linoleic acid Polyunsaturated fatty acid Analgesic and bactericidal properties (Kusumah et al, 2020;Tu et al, 2019;Zhandabayeva et al, 2021) Cannabidiol Phytocannabinoid Anticonvulsant (Frías-Soria et al, 2021) Perhydrofarnesyl acetone Diterpenoids Perfume composition (Zhandabayeva et al, 2021) Geranyl linalpol Diterpene Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory (Zhandabayeva et al, 2021) (for example, disease resistance) with their genetic differences. Genetic research also helps to analyze plant properties that are not based on individual genes but on gene networks.…”

Chemical composition of Lavatera thuringiaca L. biomass ash after pre-sowing stimulation of seeds with He–Ne laser light

“…Moreover it is a good melliferous plant and it can also be used for forage and fibre 25,[27][28][29][30] . Due to high flavonoid content its seeds and flowers can be used for medicinal purposes [31][32][33][34][35][36] . Despite Lavatera being an agriculturally useful plant, it germinates poorly.…”