Determination of polymeric hindered-amine light stabilisers in plastics by pyrolysis—gas chromatography

Detection, identification, and quantification of polymer additives: a review of techniques, approaches, challenges, and a possible roadmap in analysis

“…However, the samples analyzed were formulated with a known amount of additives. 45 This study supports the idea that GC can be used to identify and differentiate HALS based on their thermal degradation profile. While the analysis of high-molecular-weight stabilizers can be challenging due to their thermal instability, in pyrolysis this instability can be utilized to generate distinctive fragments.…”

“…Common EGA approaches include TGA-MS, which links mass loss to molecular ion information; TGA-FTIR, which identifies evolved gases based on their infrared spectra; and TGA-GC/MS, which separates volatile products before detailed mass spectrometric identification. 43 AO, 44 UVS, 45 HS 43 Low GC-spectral detectors FR, 46 AO, 45 UVS, 45 OPA 47 High HPLC AO, [48][49][50][51] OPA 69 High TGA-GC/MS FL, 70 FR 71 High a AO = antioxidants, CMB = compatibilizers, FL = fillers, FR = flame retardants, HS = heat stabilizers, IM = impact modifiers, IA = inorganic additives, OPA = organic polymer additives PL = plasticizers, PA = processing aids, SA = slip additives, UVS = light stabilizers. b Techniques capable of detecting additives only at concentrations above ∼100 ppm are considered to have low sensitivity.…”

“…Another method, known as Curie point pyrolysis GC, has been used by Perlstein et al to analyze different low-molecular-weight light stabilizers and HALS extracted from lowdensity polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) matrices. 45 Curie point pyrolysis is a specialized technique in which a sample is rapidly heated to a specific, constant temperature known as the "Curie point". By rapidly reaching and maintaining this temperature, the technique ensures highly reproducible thermal degradation of the sample, minimizing thermal gradients and uncontrolled overheating.…”

Detection, identification, and quantification of polymer additives: a review of techniques, approaches, challenges, and a possible roadmap in analysis

“…However, the samples analyzed were formulated with a known amount of additives. 45 This study supports the idea that GC can be used to identify and differentiate HALS based on their thermal degradation profile. While the analysis of high-molecular-weight stabilizers can be challenging due to their thermal instability, in pyrolysis this instability can be utilized to generate distinctive fragments.…”

“…Common EGA approaches include TGA-MS, which links mass loss to molecular ion information; TGA-FTIR, which identifies evolved gases based on their infrared spectra; and TGA-GC/MS, which separates volatile products before detailed mass spectrometric identification. 43 AO, 44 UVS, 45 HS 43 Low GC-spectral detectors FR, 46 AO, 45 UVS, 45 OPA 47 High HPLC AO, [48][49][50][51] OPA 69 High TGA-GC/MS FL, 70 FR 71 High a AO = antioxidants, CMB = compatibilizers, FL = fillers, FR = flame retardants, HS = heat stabilizers, IM = impact modifiers, IA = inorganic additives, OPA = organic polymer additives PL = plasticizers, PA = processing aids, SA = slip additives, UVS = light stabilizers. b Techniques capable of detecting additives only at concentrations above ∼100 ppm are considered to have low sensitivity.…”

“…Another method, known as Curie point pyrolysis GC, has been used by Perlstein et al to analyze different low-molecular-weight light stabilizers and HALS extracted from lowdensity polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) matrices. 45 Curie point pyrolysis is a specialized technique in which a sample is rapidly heated to a specific, constant temperature known as the "Curie point". By rapidly reaching and maintaining this temperature, the technique ensures highly reproducible thermal degradation of the sample, minimizing thermal gradients and uncontrolled overheating.…”

Identification and quantification of plastic additives using pyrolysis-GC/MS: A review

“…The majority of the first methods for the analysis of plastic additives were developed at high pyrolysis temperatures on different types of additives: antioxidants and light stabilizers at 770°C and 800°C respectively (Perlstein and Orme, 1985;Roberson and Patonay, 1990), BFRs at 950°C (Wang, 2000a), nonylphenols (NPs)…”

“…With this method, additives are identified by determining their pyrolysis degradation products (Bart, 2001). One of the first experiments on additive analysis using flash Py-GC/MS was performed by Perlstein and Orme (1985). They identified and semi-quantified some UV-light stabilizers (Tinuvin® 144 (PubChem CID: 93348), Tinuvin® 622 (PubChem CID: 54328974), Tinuvin® 770 (PubChem CID: 164282) and Chimassorb® 944 (PubChem CID: 93418).…”

Detection, identification, and quantification of polymer additives: a review of techniques, approaches, challenges, and a possible roadmap in analysis

“…However, the samples analyzed were formulated with a known amount of additives. 45 This study supports the idea that GC can be used to identify and differentiate HALS based on their thermal degradation profile. While the analysis of high-molecular-weight stabilizers can be challenging due to their thermal instability, in pyrolysis this instability can be utilized to generate distinctive fragments.…”

“…Common EGA approaches include TGA-MS, which links mass loss to molecular ion information; TGA-FTIR, which identifies evolved gases based on their infrared spectra; and TGA-GC/MS, which separates volatile products before detailed mass spectrometric identification. 43 AO, 44 UVS, 45 HS 43 Low GC-spectral detectors FR, 46 AO, 45 UVS, 45 OPA 47 High HPLC AO, [48][49][50][51] OPA 69 High TGA-GC/MS FL, 70 FR 71 High a AO = antioxidants, CMB = compatibilizers, FL = fillers, FR = flame retardants, HS = heat stabilizers, IM = impact modifiers, IA = inorganic additives, OPA = organic polymer additives PL = plasticizers, PA = processing aids, SA = slip additives, UVS = light stabilizers. b Techniques capable of detecting additives only at concentrations above ∼100 ppm are considered to have low sensitivity.…”

“…Another method, known as Curie point pyrolysis GC, has been used by Perlstein et al to analyze different low-molecular-weight light stabilizers and HALS extracted from lowdensity polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) matrices. 45 Curie point pyrolysis is a specialized technique in which a sample is rapidly heated to a specific, constant temperature known as the "Curie point". By rapidly reaching and maintaining this temperature, the technique ensures highly reproducible thermal degradation of the sample, minimizing thermal gradients and uncontrolled overheating.…”

Identification and quantification of plastic additives using pyrolysis-GC/MS: A review

“…The majority of the first methods for the analysis of plastic additives were developed at high pyrolysis temperatures on different types of additives: antioxidants and light stabilizers at 770°C and 800°C respectively (Perlstein and Orme, 1985;Roberson and Patonay, 1990), BFRs at 950°C (Wang, 2000a), nonylphenols (NPs)…”

“…With this method, additives are identified by determining their pyrolysis degradation products (Bart, 2001). One of the first experiments on additive analysis using flash Py-GC/MS was performed by Perlstein and Orme (1985). They identified and semi-quantified some UV-light stabilizers (Tinuvin® 144 (PubChem CID: 93348), Tinuvin® 622 (PubChem CID: 54328974), Tinuvin® 770 (PubChem CID: 164282) and Chimassorb® 944 (PubChem CID: 93418).…”

Detection, identification, and quantification of polymer additives: a review of techniques, approaches, challenges, and a possible roadmap in analysis

“…However, the samples analyzed were formulated with a known amount of additives. 45 This study supports the idea that GC can be used to identify and differentiate HALS based on their thermal degradation profile. While the analysis of high-molecular-weight stabilizers can be challenging due to their thermal instability, in pyrolysis this instability can be utilized to generate distinctive fragments.…”

“…Common EGA approaches include TGA-MS, which links mass loss to molecular ion information; TGA-FTIR, which identifies evolved gases based on their infrared spectra; and TGA-GC/MS, which separates volatile products before detailed mass spectrometric identification. 43 AO, 44 UVS, 45 HS 43 Low GC-spectral detectors FR, 46 AO, 45 UVS, 45 OPA 47 High HPLC AO, [48][49][50][51] OPA 69 High TGA-GC/MS FL, 70 FR 71 High a AO = antioxidants, CMB = compatibilizers, FL = fillers, FR = flame retardants, HS = heat stabilizers, IM = impact modifiers, IA = inorganic additives, OPA = organic polymer additives PL = plasticizers, PA = processing aids, SA = slip additives, UVS = light stabilizers. b Techniques capable of detecting additives only at concentrations above ∼100 ppm are considered to have low sensitivity.…”

“…Another method, known as Curie point pyrolysis GC, has been used by Perlstein et al to analyze different low-molecular-weight light stabilizers and HALS extracted from lowdensity polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) matrices. 45 Curie point pyrolysis is a specialized technique in which a sample is rapidly heated to a specific, constant temperature known as the "Curie point". By rapidly reaching and maintaining this temperature, the technique ensures highly reproducible thermal degradation of the sample, minimizing thermal gradients and uncontrolled overheating.…”

Identification and quantification of plastic additives using pyrolysis-GC/MS: A review

“…The majority of the first methods for the analysis of plastic additives were developed at high pyrolysis temperatures on different types of additives: antioxidants and light stabilizers at 770°C and 800°C respectively (Perlstein and Orme, 1985;Roberson and Patonay, 1990), BFRs at 950°C (Wang, 2000a), nonylphenols (NPs)…”

“…With this method, additives are identified by determining their pyrolysis degradation products (Bart, 2001). One of the first experiments on additive analysis using flash Py-GC/MS was performed by Perlstein and Orme (1985). They identified and semi-quantified some UV-light stabilizers (Tinuvin® 144 (PubChem CID: 93348), Tinuvin® 622 (PubChem CID: 54328974), Tinuvin® 770 (PubChem CID: 164282) and Chimassorb® 944 (PubChem CID: 93418).…”