Determination of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticisers in fish samples by QuEChERs followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Exposure and risk assessment through fish consumption

Castro, Óscar; Pocurull, Eva; Borrull, Francesc

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461356

Cited by 30 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In the process, ACN is a preferential extractant due to the good protein precipitation effect, excellent compatibility, and low solubility . Although the QuEChERS method with ACN as the extraction solvent has been reported to be successfully used for OPE analysis in the environmental matrices (e.g., sediment) and food (e.g., dairy products) and fish samples using LC-MS or GC-MS, analysis of trace OPEs as well as unknown OPEs in biotic samples (e.g., fish) remains a challenge using HRMS in terms of accuracy and precision. ,, …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…38 Although the QuEChERS method with ACN as the extraction solvent has been reported to be successfully used for OPE analysis in the environmental matrices (e.g., sediment) and food (e.g., dairy products) and fish samples using LC-MS or GC-MS, analysis of trace OPEs as well as unknown OPEs in biotic samples (e.g., fish) remains a challenge using HRMS in terms of accuracy and precision. 37,39,40 In the context, we initially chose ACN as the extraction solvent for OPE analysis in fish samples. However, it is found that the ME problem is substantial and serious for some OPEs via assessing OPE recovery efficiencies and retention efficiency of any interference (Table S3 and Figure S2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening of Emerging Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Wild Fish: Occurrence, Species-Specific Difference, and Tissue-Specific Distribution

Zhang

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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There is a dearth of information regarding the pollution status of emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) in wild fish. Here, we optimized and validated a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment method, which was further applied for target, suspect, and nontarget screening of OPEs in n = 48 samples of wild fishes from Taihu Lake (eastern China). This integrated technique allows us to fully identify 20 OPEs, and 9 out of them are emerging OPEs detected in wild fish for the first time. Importantly, some of the emerging OPEs, i.e., tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDtBPP), 4-tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), and 2-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (IPDP), exhibited greater or at least comparable contamination levels as compared to traditional ones. There were no statistically significant interspecies (n = 6) differences regarding OPE concentrations. However, we observed significant differences on OPE concentrations among different tissues of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), for which the intestine has the highest OPE mean concentration (46.5 ng/g wet weight (ww)), followed by the liver (20.1 ng/g ww) ≈ brain (20.0 ng/g ww) > gill (14.8 ng/g ww) > muscle (11.4 ng/g ww). An interesting exception is IPDP, which presents an unexpectedly high concentration in the brain (0.510 ng/g ww). Collectively, this study expands our understanding of OPE contamination in wild fish and clearly shows that emerging TDtBPP, IPDP, and BPDP could play an equally important role as traditional OPEs in contribution of OPE pollution in wild fish samples.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening of Emerging Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Wild Fish: Occurrence, Species-Specific Difference, and Tissue-Specific Distribution

Zhang

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…In this study, muscle tissues were collected from fish species, whereas skin-on whole-body samples were collected from other species. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) sample preparation procedure for the analysis of OPFRs and their metabolites in biological samples have been described elsewhere. , Briefly, 0.5 g dry weight (dw) of homogenized biological samples was spiked with 100 ng of TPHP-d15 and BBOEP-d8 and then ultrasonically extracted twice using 15 mL of acetonitrile containing 2% formic acid. A QuEChERS extraction salt packet (Standard Method EN15662) containing 4 g of magnesium sulfate and 1 g of sodium chloride was added to the tube, vortexed for 3 min, ultrasonicated for 30 min, and centrifuged for 10 min at 9000 rpm, followed by purification with dispersive solid-phase extraction using a sorbent mixture (900 mg MgSO 4 , 150 mg PSA [primary and secondary amine exchange material], and 150 mg C18).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Their Metabolites in the Estuarine Food Web of the Pearl River, China

Huang

Hou

Lin

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The accumulation and trophodynamics of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and their metabolites were investigated in the estuarine food web of the Pearl River, China. The mean ∑OPFR concentration among the investigated species increased in the following order: fish [431 ± 346 ng/g lipid weight (lw)] < snail (1310 ± 621 ng/g lw) < shrimp (1581 ± 1134 ng/g lw) < crab (1744 ± 1397 ng/g lw). The di-alkyl phosphates (DAPs) of di-(n-butyl) phosphate (DNBP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were the most abundant metabolites, with concentrations same as or even higher than their corresponding parent compounds. The log bioaccumulation factors for most OPFRs were lower than 3.70, and significant biomagnification was only found for trisphenyl phosphate [TPHP, with the trophic magnification factors (TMFs) > 1]. The TMFs of OPFRs, except for TPHP and tributyl phosphate had a positive correlation with lipophilicity (log K OW, p ≤ 0.05) and a negative correlation with the biotransformation rate (log K M, p ≤ 0.05). The mean TMF > 1 was observed for all of the OPFR metabolites based on the bootstrap regression method. The “pseudo-biomagnification” of OPFR metabolites might be attributed to the biotransformation of OPFRs in organisms at high trophic levels.

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“…For a quick and simple clean-up, we tested Lipifiltr ® push-thru purification cartridges, which are specifically designed to remove lipids from fatty QuEChERS extracts [ 32 , 33 ]. However, all the target compounds were completely retained in the cartridges, so this strategy was promptly dismissed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Organophosphate Ester Metabolites in Seafood Species by QuEChERS-SPE Followed by LC-HRMS

Hidalgo-Serrano¹,

Borrull²,

Pocurull³

et al. 2022

Molecules

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Organophosphate triesters are compounds widely used in industries and are ubiquitous in the environment, where they can be transformed into organophosphate diesters. Some organophosphate diesters are also used by industry. Several studies suggest organophosphate diesters can have toxic effects for reproduction, and hazardous and mutagenic properties. Due to the impact these compounds can have on marine biota and human beings through the consumption of fish and shellfish, it is necessary to study their presence in widely consumed seafood species. We therefore developed an analytical method for determining six of the most common organophosphate diesters in seafood. The procedure is based on the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe extraction method and a solid phase extraction clean-up, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method was optimised and validated for seafood with different lipid content, providing satisfactory relative recoveries (from 89 to 138%) and limits of detection (1.0–50 ng g−1 dry weight), as well as repeatability values (RSD% (n = 5, 100 ng g−1 (dry weight)) lower than 15%. Eight seafood species were analysed using this method and two organophosphate diesters were detected and quantified in all the samples, demonstrating the suitability of the method.

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Determination of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticisers in fish samples by QuEChERs followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Exposure and risk assessment through fish consumption

Cited by 30 publications

References 42 publications

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening of Emerging Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Wild Fish: Occurrence, Species-Specific Difference, and Tissue-Specific Distribution

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening of Emerging Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Wild Fish: Occurrence, Species-Specific Difference, and Tissue-Specific Distribution

Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Their Metabolites in the Estuarine Food Web of the Pearl River, China

Determination of Organophosphate Ester Metabolites in Seafood Species by QuEChERS-SPE Followed by LC-HRMS

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