Determination of Optimum Formulation of a Novel Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) Vaccine Constructed by Mixing Bursal Disease Antibody with IBDV

Abstract

A novel vaccine against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) has been developed. The new vaccine was constructed by mixing bursal disease antibody (BDA) contained in whole antiserum with live IBDV before lyophilization. To establish various formulations of BDA and IBDV, several BDA doses between 5 units and 80 units of BDA/50 microliters were mixed with 100 EID50/50 microliters of IBDV suspension in Expt. 1; in Expt. 2, several IBDV doses between 10 EID50/50 microliters and 977 EID50/50 microliters of IBDV suspension were mixed with 24 units of BDA/50 microliters. Vaccine preparations were administered subcutaneously to the nape of 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. Safety, potency, and immunogenicity of the different vaccine formulations were evaluated using bursal weight, bursal gross examination, and IBDV antibody titer. Some bursae were examined histologically to confirm gross examinations. Several vaccine formulations were safe and efficacious and met the safety, potency, and immunogenicity criteria. A vaccine construct of 100 EID50 mixed with 24 units of BDA was selected as the release dose. When administered at 1 day of age, the novel vaccine allows for delayed infection of the bursa until after days 6-8 of age in SPF chicks, while initiating potency and immunogenicity to an IBDV challenge. The addition of BDA to the IBDV results in a complex vaccine that allows for safer immunization in SPF birds than under administration of the vaccine virus without BDA.

Characterization of field and vaccine infectious bursal disease viruses from Nigeria revealing possible virulence and regional markers in the VP2 minor hydrophilic peaks

“…The economic impact of clinical and sub-clinical IBD warrants the search and use of efficient vaccines and vaccination strategies to match changes in the field situation for effective control of IBDV (Whitfill et al, 1995;Pitcovski et al, 2003;Yong-Chang et al, 2005;Lazarus et al, 2008;Le Gros et al, 2009). In Nigeria, most vaccines used for the control of IBDV as well as the virus seed for local vaccine production are imported (Okeke & Tanimu, 1982), leading to frequent vaccination failures in the field (Abdu et al, 2001) due to antigenic differences between local strains and vaccine strains (Owoade et al, 2004;Adamu et al, 2011a).…”

Chicken recombinant antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus are able to form antibody–virus immune complex

“…These VN rAb, however, when mixed with Bv and inoculated either in ovo, 1-day-old or 2-week-old chicks, formed an Icx and delayed replication of Bv. The effectiveness of the rAb Icx was similar to the Icx formed by polyclonal anti-IBDV sera (Whitfill et al , 1995;Jeurissen et al ., 1998). Immunohistological staining for IBDV following inoculation of rAb8.IBDV and rAb34.IBDV complexes to 18-day-old embryos indicated that virus replication in bursa was delayed for 5 to 7 days in comparison with IBDV-inoculated chicks; IBDV release from the Icx was completed by 10 d.p.i., and virus replication was resolved by day 14.…”

“…In the study of Jeurissen et al . (1998) hyperimmune sera was used in an Icx at a dilution of 1:10, whereas in the study of Whitfill et al . (1995) it was not clear what dilution of sera would represent 24 antibody units.…”

“…A number of vaccination approaches such as genetically attenuated live, recombinant subunit and DNA vaccines (van den Berg, 2000) and vaccines based on immune complexes (Icx) (Whitfill et al ., 1995;Haddad et al ., 1997) have been developed to improve vaccination of maternal antibody-positive chicks. Icx vaccines consisting of a mixture of hyperimmune IBDV chicken serum (aIBDV) and an embryo-adapted live IBDV (aIBDV.IBDV) (Whitfill et al ., 1995) can be inoculated either in ovo or to 1-day old chicks (Haddad et al ., 1997;Ricks et al ., 1999;van den Wijngaard, 2001). As maternal antibodies decline below a certain level, IBDV released from the Icx infects the target cells and proceeds through the usual course of infection, stimulating antibody response and protective immunity.…”

Four Aspects of Autoimmunity and How to Regain Tolerance to Self From an Autoimmune Disease Utilizing the Modified Vaccination Technique

“…This is the first time that the promise has existed to prevent, treat, and cure endogenous ag induced mishaps in humans specifically and without side effects. The study of the affects of injection of ag:ab ICs at different ratios is not new, nor is the use of ICs in increasing ab production (Klaus, 1978;Kunkl & Klaus, 1981;Nie et al, 1997;Stoner et al, 1975;Stoner & Terres, 1963;Terres et al, 1972;Terres & Stoner, 1962;Terres & Wolins, 1959;Terres & Wolins, 1961) and even in vaccination (Haddad et al, 1997;Jeurissen et al, 1998;Whitfill et al, 1995;Xu et al, 2005;Yao et al, 2007). So far most of the pertinent investigations have described the role that ag:ab ICs play in immune response upon injection of such complexes at various ratios, and how enhanced ab production occurs during primary and secondary ab responses (Barabas et al, 2007d;Heyman, 2000;Stoner & Terres, 1963;Xu et al, 2005;Yao et al, 2007).…”