Determination of dissolved gaseous mercury in seawater of Minamata Bay and estimation for mercury exchange across air–sea interface

High-resolution measurements of elemental mercury in surface water for an improved quantitative understanding of the Baltic Sea as a source of atmospheric mercury

“…These investigations were followed by a study in Tokyo Bay (Narukawa et al, 2006) and by studies in the Mediterranean Sea (Andersson et al, 2007;Gårdfeldt et al, 2003) and the Baltic Sea , both based on equilibrator measurements with improved resolution. We also compared our results with those obtained from data from the Yellow Sea (Ci et al, 2015;Ci et al, 2011), the South China Sea (Fu et al, 2010;Tseng et al, 2013), Minamata Bay (Marumoto and Imai, 2015), and the open East China Sea (Wang et al, 2016). 25…”

“…Using the Night2000, these were recalculated as 4.3 and 3.1 ng m −2 h −1 , 3.6 and 2.8 ng m −2 h −1 , and 4.5/3.0 and 3.8 ng m −2 h −1 , respectively. In Minamata Bay, an increasing trend from winter 5 to autumn was determined: −0.9-3.8 ng m −2 h −1 (Marumoto and Imai, 2015). An exception to this pattern was Tokyo Bay, where the Hg 0 emission flux was high in winter (6.7 ng m −2 h −1 ) and lower in autumn (Narukawa et al, 2006) due to the elevated wind speeds in winter, whereas Hg 0 ml was relatively stable during autumn/winter.…”

“…Mercury enters the sea by river transport and following wet and dry deposition from the atmosphere. In surface water, it is subjected to light-dependent biotic and abiotic redox processes that transform ionic mercury to volatile Hg 0 (Amyot et al, 1994;Costa and Liss, 2000;Kim and Fitzgerald, 1986;Kuss et al, 2015;Mason et al, 1995), which is subjected to evasion from the sea surface. Mercury emission by the ocean accounts for about one-third of the mercury in the atmosphere (Pirrone et al, 2013;Selin et al, 2008).…”

High-resolution measurements of elemental mercury in surface water for an improved quantitative understanding of the Baltic Sea as a source of atmospheric mercury

“…Using the Night2000, these were recalculated as 4.3 and 3.1 ng m −2 h −1 , 3.6 and 2.8 ng m −2 h −1 , and 4.5/3.0 and 3.8 ng m −2 h −1 , respectively. In Minamata Bay, an increasing trend from winter to autumn was determined: 1.7-9.6 ng m −2 h −1 (Marumoto and Imai, 2015). An exception to this pattern was Tokyo Bay, where the Hg 0 emission flux was high in winter (6.7 ng m −2 h −1 ) and lower in autumn (Narukawa et al, 2006) due to the elevated wind speeds in winter, whereas Hg 0 ml was relatively stable during autumn-winter.…”

“…These investigations were followed by a study in Tokyo Bay (Narukawa et al, 2006) and by studies in the Mediterranean Sea (Andersson et al, 2007;Gårdfeldt et al, 2003) and the Baltic Sea , the latter based on equilibrator measurements with improved resolution. We also compared our results with those obtained from data from the Yellow Sea (Ci et al, 2015(Ci et al, , 2011, the South China Sea (Fu et al, 2010;Tseng et al, 2013), Minamata Bay (Marumoto and Imai, 2015), and the open East China Sea (Wang et al, 2016). However, the methods applied in the various studies differed in terms of their analytics and flux calculations (Table 4).…”