“…Nanoparticulate dosage forms differ from conventional dosage forms by loading the drug or active compound into nanoparticles prior to dispersion in a formulation base. They have been incorporated into various dosage forms for sublingual and buccal drug delivery, including gels (Marques et al, 2017), sprays (Baltzley et al, 2018), tablets (Gavin et al, 2015; El-Nahas et al, 2017), films (Giovino et al, 2013; Mortazavian et al, 2014; Al-Dhubiab et al, 2016; Masek et al, 2017; Castro et al, 2018a; Mahdizadeh Barzoki et al, 2018; Al-Nemrawi et al, 2019), and patches (Mahdizadeh Barzoki et al, 2016). These nanoparticulate formulations have been shown to: (i) improve drug permeability across the epithelium; (ii) modify drug release kinetics (e.g., controlled release or sustained release); (iii) provide solubilization (i.e., to deliver compounds which have physicochemical properties that strongly limit their aqueous solubility); and/or (iv) protect compounds that are sensitive to degradation (e.g., peptides) (Morales and Brayden, 2017; Hua et al, 2018).…”