Determinants of long-term unemployment in early adulthood: A Finnish birth cohort study

Lallukka, Tea; Kerkelä, Martta; Ristikari, Tiina; Merikukka, Marko; Hiilamo, Heikki; Virtanen, Marianna; Øverland, Simon; Gissler, Mika; Halonen, Jaana I.

doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100410

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…The former was a particularly strong predictor for the earlier entrees. This is also in line with previous studies 6,41 .…”

Section: Main Findingssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…be linked to both parental and own socioeconomic position and health. Particularly social disadvantage and early mental disorders of parents and the offspring have been linked to both work disability and long-term unemployment of young adults 2,6 . As mental disorders increase already among young adults, even before entering paid employment, they need to be considered when focusing on work participation among young adults [7][8][9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting the stability of early employment with its timing and childhood social and health-related predictors: a mixture Markov model approach

Helske¹,

Keski‐Säntti²,

Kivelä³

et al. 2021

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Background and objectives: To extend work careers, it is important to focus on all working-agedpeople, including young adults. However, there is little knowledge about the stability of early careersand its life course social and health-related determinants. The aim of this study is to identify whatkind of typical patterns of work participation and transitions between different statuses can beidentified among young adults after their first entry into the labour market, and to examine whetherthe timing of entry together with parental and own socioeconomic position and health predict earlywork participation patterns.Methods: We used the Finnish Birth Cohort 1987 including data from several registers from all59,476 children born in 1987 as well as their parents, followed until the end of 2015. We createdsequences of monthly work participation statuses starting from the calendar month when a cohortmember had their first at least six-month long spell in employment or entrepreneurship. Workparticipation statuses (8 categories) were collected for 60 months or until the end of the follow-up. Weincluded altogether 51,871 individuals with an entry into paid employment, who could be followedfor at least 12 subsequent months. Parental social and health-related covariates were included fromnational registers. We used first sequence analysis and cluster analysis to identify latent groups ofindividuals with similar work participation patterns. Next, we estimated a mixture Markov model thatallows for identification of latent classes of labour market attachment, estimation of labour markettransitions within classes, and prediction of class membership using childhood social and healthrelateddeterminants.Results: We observed that entry into the labour market as measured by six months in continuousemployment was not a permanent entry for many, not only due to unemployment and health-relatedexits but also due to studies and parental leave. During the first five years, we observed a fairly linearrelationship between the age at entry and early work participation pattern: individuals entering thelabour market at a later age were more likely to be in continuous employment thereafter (all elseequal). Regarding both own and parental social- and health-related childhood factors, latent classesshow clear patterns of accumulated advantage and disadvantage: more advantaged backgroundpredicted exits due to studies or – when following a late entry – stable employment, whiledisadvantaged background factors predicted more unstable work and long-term exits from the labourmarket.Conclusions: There are varied work participation patterns and transitions between employmentstatuses among young employees. More in-depth understanding of these patterns and theirdeterminants is important to plan targeted interventions and to promote more stable work participationamong young adults.

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“…The former was a particularly strong predictor for the earlier entrees. This is also in line with previous studies 6,41 .…”

Section: Main Findingssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the stability of early employment with its timing and childhood social and health-related predictors: a mixture Markov model approach

Helske¹,

Keski‐Säntti²,

Kivelä³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Entry into paid employment was based on age when the participants reported they had their first actual job, excluding summer jobs during education and other shorter training periods. Broadly following previous procedures [11,12], and reflecting a typical age to finish higher education (by 23 years) in Finland (for more details of the Finnish educational system, see e.g., https://minedu.fi/en/education-system), age at entry was classified into four groups distinguishing between early, average and late entry into first paid employment: ≤18 years, 19-21 years, 22-24 years (reference) and ≥25 years, respectively.…”

Section: Predictors: Timing Of Entry Into Paid Employment and Physicamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, timing of entry into paid employment is potentially linked to a wide range of health-related outcomes including work (non-)participation, as a proxy indicator of health. A birth cohort study showed that those who had their first period of paid employment at an older age had higher odds for long-term unemployment over the follow-up [12]. Regarding behavior-related risk factors, smoking is more common among those who begin their work careers early, as compared to those who have acquired higher education and have therefore delayed entry into paid employment or starting a family [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing of Entry into Paid Employment, Adverse Physical Work Exposures and Health: The Young Helsinki Health Study

Lallukka

Shiri

Pietiläinen

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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It is not well known how the timing of entry into paid employment and physical work exposures contribute to different health outcomes in young employees. Thus, we determined the associations of age at entry into paid employment and physical work exposures with general and mental health in young employees and determined whether associations differ by behavior-related risk factors. Data were collected via online and mailed surveys in autumn 2017 from employees of the City of Helsinki aged 18–39 years (n = 5897; 4630 women and 1267 men, response rate 51.5%). Surveys comprised measures of age at entry into paid employment, seven working conditions, behavior-related risk factors and health outcomes (self-rated health [SRH] and common mental disorders [CMD] as generic indicators of physical and mental health). Logistic regression analysis was used. After full adjustment, age at entry was not associated with the health outcomes; however, in additional analyses, younger age at first employment was associated with smoking and obesity (OR 3.00, 95% CI 2.34–3.85 and 1.67, 95% CI 1.32–2.11 for those started working at age of ≤18 years, respectively). Of the working conditions, sitting and standing were positively associated with poor SRH and CMD and uncomfortable working postures with CMD. Working conditions were broadly similarly associated with health outcomes among those with and without behavior-related risk factors. Although we found little support for modification by behavior-related risk factors, overweight, obesity and smoking were associated with poor SRH and binge drinking and smoking with CMD. Additionally, moderate and high levels of leisure-time physical activity were inversely associated with poor SRH. In conclusion, early entry into paid employment appears not to associate to immediate poorer health in young employees, although it was associated with smoking and obesity even after full adjustment. Exposure to physically heavy work and uncomfortable working postures may increase the risk of adverse health outcomes.

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“…It is well-established that poor health is the most common barrier to extending working life [3,6,7]. People with a chronic disease are more likely to have more unstable work careers involving, for example, higher rates of unemployment and work disability in their early careers [8]. They spend more time on sick leave and disability retirement and retire earlier than people without chronic health problems [6,[9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indicators and determinants of the years of working life lost: a narrative review

Shiri

Hiilamo

Lallukka

2021

Scand J Public Health

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Objective: This narrative review summarizes the available indicators for working life expectancy and years of working life lost (YWLL) and their determinants. Methods: We searched PubMed and Embase databases from their inception until August 2020 and screened all studies proposing an indicator for working life expectancy or YWLL. We also reviewed studies focusing on sociodemographic, lifestyle and work-related determinants of working life expectancy and YWLL. The results were synthesized narratively. Results: We identified 13 different indicators for the length of working life or YWLL. The most frequently used indicators were ‘working life expectancy’, ‘healthy working life expectancy’, and YWLL. Working life expectancy and healthy working life expectancy are longer for men than women. Working life expectancy at the age of 50 has been increasing since the mid-90s, and the increase has been larger for women, reducing the sex difference. Working life is shorter for people with a low level of education, in lower occupational classes, for people exposed to high physical work demands, those living in the most socioeconomically deprived areas, people with overweight or obesity, smokers, people who are inactive during leisure time and in people with a chronic health problem. Conclusions: Despite increasing interest in understanding the determinants of YWLL, only a few studies have simultaneously considered multiple exit routes from the labour market. We propose a new measure for total YWLL considering all relevant exit routes from employment. This comprehensive measure can be used to assess the effect of given policy changes on prolonging working life.

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Determinants of long-term unemployment in early adulthood: A Finnish birth cohort study

Cited by 16 publications

References 43 publications

Predicting the stability of early employment with its timing and childhood social and health-related predictors: a mixture Markov model approach

Predicting the stability of early employment with its timing and childhood social and health-related predictors: a mixture Markov model approach

Timing of Entry into Paid Employment, Adverse Physical Work Exposures and Health: The Young Helsinki Health Study

Indicators and determinants of the years of working life lost: a narrative review

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