Detection of West Nile Virus Rna From the Louse Fly Icosta Americana (Diptera: Hippoboscidae)

Farajollahi, Ary; Crans, W. J.; Nickerson, Diane; Bryant, Patricia; Wolf, Bruce; Glaser, Amy L.; Andreadis, Theodore G.

doi:10.2987/8756-971x(2006)21[474:downvr]2.0.co;2

Cited by 58 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Black ßies (Diptera: Simulidae) are biological vectors for vesicular stomatitis virus (Vesiculovirus: Rhabdoviridae) (Mead et al 1997). Experimental infections have demonstrated replication in drosophila S2 cells for both Sindbis virus (Alphavirus: Togaviridae) and WNV (Mudiganti et al 2006, Chotkowski et al 2008 WNV has been detected in other nonculicine arthropods in nature, including louse ßies (Gancz et al 2004, Farajollahi et al 2005, biting midges (Naugle et al 2004, Sabio et al 2006, several genera of argasid and ixodid ticks (Hubalek and Halouzka 1999, Lawrie et al 2004, Hutcheson et al 2005, Mumcuoglu et al 2005, and mesostigmatid mites (Mumcuoglu et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of West Nile Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Parasitizing Juvenile American White Pelicans

et al. 2010

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Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), an economically important pest of livestock and humans, were observed parasitizing prefledged American white pelicans, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (Pelecaniformes: Pelecanidae), in a pelican breeding colony in northeastern Montana where die-offs attributed to West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) have occurred since 2002. Engorged and unengorged flies were collected off nine moribund chicks. Of 29 blood-engorged flies testing positive for vertebrate DNA, all 29 contained pelican DNA. Virus isolation was performed on 60 pools (1,176 flies) of unengorged flies using Vero cell plaque assay. Eighteen pools were positive for WNV for an estimated infection rate of 18.0 per 1,000 flies. Fifty-four percent (36/67) of abdomens from blood-engorged flies tested positive for WNV. Pelican viremia levels from the blood-engorged fly abdomens revealed that at least one of the ill pelicans circulated a viremia capable of infecting Culex mosquito vectors. Stable flies may be involved in WNV transmission within the pelican breeding colony by serving as either a mechanical vector or as a source for oral infection if ingested by predators.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of West Nile Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Parasitizing Juvenile American White Pelicans

et al. 2010

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“…It should be also noted that the minimal infection rate (MIR), expressed as the number of infected mosquito pools per 1000 mosquitoes tested, is a good indicator of the intensity of viral transmission in a given area, and is often related to the human risk of disease, so that, a MIR ≥ 1.0 seems to be needed for a mosquito species to represent a high risk for human transmission [107] . Beside from mosquitoes, WNV has been sporadically isolated in other arthropods such as soft and hard ticks, mites and hippoboscid flies [108][109][110] but, although their implications on WNV transmission still need to be analyzed in detail, it seems unlikely that they play a substantial role on the viral transmission cycle in nature.…”

Section: Transmission Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile virus: A re-emerging pathogen revisited

Martín-Acebes

Saiz²

2012

WJV

117

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“…The virus is primarily vectored through the feeding of mosquitoes, mainly the Culex genus in North America, as reviewed by Blitvich (23). However, nonculicine insects, such as stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), have been shown experimentally to be potential mechanical vectors of WNV (24), and the virus has been detected in louse flies (Icosta americanum) (25,26) and biting midges (Culicoides sonorensis) (27) collected from wild birds. Generally, a vector of an infectious disease is considered to transmit the agent through biting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for Waterborne and Invertebrate Transmission of West Nile Virus in the Great Salt Lake, Utah

Lund

Shearn-Bochsler

Dusek

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In November and December of 2013, a large mortality event involving 15,000 to 20,000 eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) occurred at the Great Salt Lake (GSL), UT. The onset of the outbreak in grebes was followed by a mortality event in >86 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). During the die-off, West Nile virus (WNV) was detected by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) or viral culture in the carcasses of grebes and eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center. However, no activity of mosquitoes, the primary vectors of WNV, was detected by the State of Utah's WNV monitoring program. The transmission of WNV has rarely been reported during the winter in North America in the absence of known mosquito activity; however, the size of this die-off, the habitat in which it occurred, and the species involved are unique. We experimentally investigated whether WNV could survive in water with a high salt content, as found at the GSL, and whether brine shrimp, the primary food of migrating eared grebes on the GSL, could have played a role in the transmission of WNV to feeding birds. We found that WNV can survive up to 72 h at 4°C in water containing 30 to 150 ppt NaCl, and brine shrimp incubated with WNV in 30 ppt NaCl may adsorb WNV to their cuticle and, through feeding, infect epithelial cells of their gut. Both mechanisms may have potentiated the WNV die-off in migrating eared grebes on the GSL. IMPORTANCE Following a major West Nile virus die-off of eared grebes and bald eagles at the Great Salt Lake (GSL), UT, in November to December 2013, this study assessed the survival of West Nile virus (WNV) in water as saline as that of the GSL and whether brine shrimp, the major food for migrating grebes, could have played a role as a vector for the virus. While mosquitoes are the major vector of WNV, under certain circumstances, transmission may occur through contaminated water and invertebrates as food.

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Detection of West Nile Virus Rna From the Louse Fly Icosta Americana (Diptera: Hippoboscidae)

Cited by 58 publications

References 11 publications

Detection of West Nile Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Parasitizing Juvenile American White Pelicans

Detection of West Nile Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Parasitizing Juvenile American White Pelicans

West Nile virus: A re-emerging pathogen revisited

Potential for Waterborne and Invertebrate Transmission of West Nile Virus in the Great Salt Lake, Utah

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