Detection of Norwalk-like virus genes in the caecum contents of pigs

Sugieda, Masaaki; Nagaoka, Hiromi; Kakishima, Y.; Ohshita, Tomohiko; Nakamura, Shigeo; Nakajima, Setsuko

doi:10.1007/s007050050369

Cited by 133 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This is in agreement with previous investigation targeting asymptomatic and older animals and revealing sporadic patterns of detection [18,19,40,43]. Likewise, NoVs could be detected only from healthy finisher pigs (with prevalences varying from 0% to 40%) or from slaughtered animals (prevalence 14%) but not from nursing, postweaning pigs or from adult sows ([1 year) [43] suggesting age-restricted patterns of susceptibility to infection by NoV.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…PECs were detected only in 4 of 1,017 normal slaughtered pigs in Japan, in 2 of 100 pooled pig fecal samples of 3-to 9-month-old fattening pigs in the Netherlands and in 14 out of 377 healthy adult and finisher pigs in the United States [18][19][20]40]. These findings, while documenting the existence of porcine NoV and SaV and their genetic relationships with human enteric caliciviruses, raised a number of questions, with particular regard to their pathogenic attitude and impact in pigs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic heterogeneity of porcine enteric caliciviruses identified from diarrhoeic piglets

et al. 2008

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Enteric caliciviruses (noroviruses and sapoviruses) are responsible for the majority of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans of all age groups. Analysis of the polymerase and capsid genes has provided evidence for a huge genetic diversity, but the understanding of their ecology is limited. In this study, we investigated the presence of porcine enteric caliciviruses in the faeces of piglets with diarrhoea. A total of 209 samples from 118 herds were analyszd and calicivirus RNA was detected by RT-PCR in 68 sample (32.5%) and in 46 herds (38.9%), alone or in mixed infection with group A and C rotaviruses. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the calicivirus-positive samples characterized the majority as genogroup III (GGIII) sapoviruses. Unclassified caliciviruses, distantly related to the representatives of the other sapovirus genogroups, were identified in five herds, while one outbreak was associated with a porcine sapovirus related genetically to human GGII and GGIV sapovirus strains. By converse, norovirus strains were not detected. Altogether, these data suggest the epidemiological relevance of porcine enteric caliciviruses and suggest a role in the etiology of piglets diarrhoea.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic heterogeneity of porcine enteric caliciviruses identified from diarrhoeic piglets

et al. 2008

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“…Recently, viral RNA genetically similar to that of human NoV GII (65 to 71% amino acid sequence identity in the capsid gene) was detected in pigs in Japan (46,47) and Europe (22,48). In U.S. swine, our laboratory detected both viral RNA and virus particles similar to GII HuNoV (70% sequence identity in the capsid region) which were infectious for Gn pigs (50).…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Pathogenesis of a Genogroup II Human Norovirus in Gnotobiotic Pigs

Cheetham

Souza

Meulia

et al. 2006

J Virol

255

264

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Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Because they do not grow in cell culture and there is no animal model for HuNoVs, pathogenesis studies have been hampered. Thus, little is known about their replication strategies or induction of neutralizing antibodies.The limited information on their pathogenesis is from human volunteer studies of HuNoV infections in which villus atrophy in duodenal biopsies and presence of malabsorptive diarrhea were described (1,7,8). No information is available on lesions in other portions of the intestines of these volunteers (9). Intestinal transplant pediatric patients that were diagnosed with HuNoV infection developed secretory or osmotic diarrhea (19,20,31). These patients had prolonged diarrhea (17 to 326 days) due to immunosuppressive therapy. The detection of HuNoV RNA and the clinical symptoms remitted after reduction of the immunosuppressive therapy. Usually in exposed individuals, histologic lesions correlate with diarrhea, but in one report, lesions in volunteers who did not show clinical symptoms were described (42). There are also numerous reports of asymptomatic individuals who were infected with HuNoVs and shed virus in the feces (11, 28).Most past attempts to study these viruses in an animal model may have failed because (i) the human strains that were used were not closely related to the host animal NoV strains, (ii) sensitive detection techniques were lacking, and finally (iii) the role of histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) phenotypes in differential susceptibility of the host was unrecognized. Our goal was to adapt a HuNoV strain to replicate in the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig to develop an animal model for the study of HuNoV pathogenesis. Gnotobiotic pigs are good models for human enteric diseases (40) because pigs resemble humans in their gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology, and immune responses. The Gn pigs are immunocompetent at birth, but they lack maternal antibodies and previous or ongoing exposure to microbial agents, including caliciviruses.Recently, viral RNA genetically similar to that of human NoV GII (65 to 71% amino acid sequence identity in the capsid gene) was detected in pigs in Japan (46, 47) and Europe (22,48). In U.S. swine, our laboratory detected both viral RNA and virus particles similar to GII HuNoV (70% sequence identity in the capsid region) which were infectious for Gn pigs (50). Our approach to infect Gn pigs with a HuNoV was to use a GII strain that is closely related genetically to the identified GII porcine NoVs and that has a broad HBGA binding pattern because little information or reagents are available for pig HBGA. Additionally, we used sensitive assays and reagents including reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to detect fecal shedding, virus-like particles (VLPs) for serological assays, and antisera to these VLPs for antigen enzyme-linked immunosor-

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“…However, no information on NoV in pigs was available. In 1998, NoV RNA was first detected from adult pig cecal samples in Japan, and later in Europe and the US [13][14][15]. Subsequently, NoVs were found to be widely distributed in healthy adult pigs [16].…”

Section: History Of Enteric Caliciviruses and The Discovery Of Pormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two strategies have been used: (1) RT-PCR using porcine NoV-or SaVspecific primer sets to detect porcine NoVs and SaVs, but not strains from humans or other animal species [68]; (2) RT-PCR using calicivirus-, NoV-or SaV-conserved primer sets followed by sequencing confirmation to screen for porcine NoVs and SaVs, and other new caliciviruses [13][14][15]45,50].…”

Section: Rt-pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Wang

Costantini

Saif

2007

Vaccine

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Porcine enteric caliciviruses include sapoviruses and noroviruses. Porcine sapoviruses infect pigs of all ages and cause diarrhea in young pigs, whereas porcine noroviruses were detected exclusively from adult pigs without clinical signs. Importantly, certain porcine norovirus strains were genetically and antigenically related to human noroviruses. This raises public health concerns that pigs may be reservoirs for emergence of epidemic human norovirus strains. This article reviews the discovery of porcine noroviruses and sapoviruses, their classification, diagnosis, epidemiology and genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses.

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Detection of Norwalk-like virus genes in the caecum contents of pigs

Cited by 133 publications

References 15 publications

Genetic heterogeneity of porcine enteric caliciviruses identified from diarrhoeic piglets

Genetic heterogeneity of porcine enteric caliciviruses identified from diarrhoeic piglets

Pathogenesis of a Genogroup II Human Norovirus in Gnotobiotic Pigs

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

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