Detection of newly introduced Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea

Youk, Sungsu; Cho, Andrew Y.; Lee, Donghun; Jeong, Sol; Kim, Yujin; Lee, Sun-Hak; Kim, Tae-Hyeon; Pantin‐Jackwood, Mary J.; Song, Chang‐Seon

doi:10.1111/tbed.14014

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…These findings suggest that the isolates may have the potential ability to infect mammalian species, including humans, demonstrating a possible public health risk. Overall, the genetic analysis results from this study coincide with a recent study indicating that Y280-like strains circulating in Korean LBMs are likely direct descendants of the A/chicken/Shandong/1844/2019 strain, without further reassortments with any other influenza viruses (Youk et al, 2021). Virus-neutralizing antibodies to the new Y280-like H9N2 virus were detected in field serum samples collected from affected chicken farms.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Even the incidence of these strains fell sharply over time after introducing inactivated H9N2 vaccines, in conjunction with strengthened control measures to prevent HPAI (Choi et al, 2008;Mo et al, 2016). It was not until recently that surveillance programmes identified that the non-indigenous H9N2 strains from the Y280-like lineage circulated in Korean LBMs (Heo et al, 2021, Youk et al, 2021. These LBM Y280-like strains would likely have spilled over into Korean industrial poultry populations, causing field infections nationwide.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First report of field cases of Y280-like LPAI H9N2 strains in South Korean poultry farms: pathological findings and genetic characterization

Lai¹,

Kim²,

Choi³

et al. 2021

Avian Pathology

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H9N2 low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses have long been circulating in the world poultry industry, resulting in substantial economic losses. In addition to bird health consequences, viruses from specific lineages such as G1 and Y280 are also known to have the potential to cause a pandemic within the human population. In South Korea, after introducing inactivated H9N2 vaccines in 2007, there were no field outbreaks of H9N2 LPAI since 2009. However, in June 2020, an H9N2 virus was isolated from an outbreak in a Korean chicken farm. This strain was distinct from the predominant Korean/Y439 lineage and was believed to be part of the Y280-like lineage. Since the first case of this new H9N2 LPAI, nine more cases of field infections in poultry farms were documented through July and December of 2020. Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes of these case isolates revealed that all strains were grouped with exotic Y280-like strains that did not previously exist in South Korea and were emerging into a new cluster. Serological assays also confirmed the existence of antibodies to Y280-like viruses in field sera collected from infected birds, and that they had seroconverted. Further analysis of the receptor-binding region in the HA protein also revealed that these isolates harboured a human-like motif that could potentially affect mammals and humans, demonstrating a possible public health risk. This is the first report of field cases caused by Y280-like H9N2 LPAI in the Korean poultry industry. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS. Field outbreaks caused by Y280-like H9N2 avian influenza viruses were confirmed.. A human-like motif was found at the HA receptor-binding region of all isolates.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of field cases of Y280-like LPAI H9N2 strains in South Korean poultry farms: pathological findings and genetic characterization

Lai¹,

Kim²,

Choi³

et al. 2021

Avian Pathology

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“…Outbreaks of the Y439 lineage of H9N2 AI decreased after vaccinating layer and broiler breeders since 2007. However, even after vaccination, the virus has continued to circulate mainly in Korean native chicken farms and live bird markets (LBM), there have been no reports since it was last detected in 2018 [ 8 9 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, it was reported in Japan and eastern Russia, which does not border China [ 19 20 ]. In addition, the Y280 lineage of H9N2 AIV was first isolated from LBMs in South Korea in June 2020 and has spread rapidly nationwide [ 9 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current situation and control strategies of H9N2 avian influenza in South Korea

Sagong

Lee

et al. 2023

J Vet Sci

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The H9N2 avian influenza (AI) has become endemic in poultry in many countries since the 1990s, which has caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. Considering the long history of the low pathogenicity H9N2 AI in many countries, once H9N2 AI is introduced, it is more difficult to eradicate than high pathogenicity AI. Various preventive measures and strategies, including vaccination and active national surveillance, have been used to control the Y439 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea, but it took a long time for the H9N2 virus to disappear from the fields. By contrast, the novel Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI was introduced in June 2020 and has spread nationwide. This study reviews the history, genetic and pathogenic characteristics, and control strategies for Korean H9N2 AI. This review may provide some clues for establishing control strategies for endemic AIV and a newly introduced Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea.

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“…Large-scale vaccination with commercially available monovalent or mixed H9N2 inactivated vaccines contributes substantially to the control of H9N2 outbreaks (6). However, endemic H9N2 avian influenza, especially those caused by the G57 genotype of the virus, has not been effectively controlled (23)(24)(25)(26). In addition, there is no available avian H3N2 vaccine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Single Vaccination of Chimeric Bivalent Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Confers Protection Against H9N2 and H3N2 Avian Influenza in Commercial Broilers and Allows a Strategy of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals

et al. 2022

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H9N2 and H3N2 are the two most important subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) because of their ongoing threat to the global poultry industry and public health. Although commercially available inactivated H9N2 vaccines are widely used in the affected countries, endemic H9N2 avian influenza remains uncontrolled. In addition, there is no available avian H3N2 vaccine. Influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) are one of the most promising vaccine alternatives to traditional egg-based vaccines. In this study, to increase the immunogenic content of VLPs to reduce production costs, we developed chimeric bivalent VLPs (cbVLPs) co-displaying hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of H9N2 and H3N2 viruses with the Gag protein of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) as the inner core using the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. The results showed that a single immunization of chickens with 40μg/0.3mL cbVLPs elicited an effective immune response and provided complete protection against H9N2 and H3N2 viruses. More importantly, cbVLPs with accompanying serological assays can successfully accomplish the strategy of differentiating infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA), making virus surveillance easier. Therefore, this cbVLP vaccine candidate would be a promising alternative to conventional vaccines, showing great potential for commercial development.

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Detection of newly introduced Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

First report of field cases of Y280-like LPAI H9N2 strains in South Korean poultry farms: pathological findings and genetic characterization

First report of field cases of Y280-like LPAI H9N2 strains in South Korean poultry farms: pathological findings and genetic characterization

Current situation and control strategies of H9N2 avian influenza in South Korea

A Single Vaccination of Chimeric Bivalent Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Confers Protection Against H9N2 and H3N2 Avian Influenza in Commercial Broilers and Allows a Strategy of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals

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