Detection ofChlamydophila pneumoniaein cats with conjunctivitis

Abstract

This study detects for the first time, the known human pathogen C. pneumoniae in feline conjunctivitis cases using Chlamydiaceae RT PCR and sequence analyses.

<b>Molecular detection of <i>Chlamydophila felis</i> from conjunctiva of cats infected with conjunctivitis and upper respiratory disease</b>

“…The combination of clinical signs and PCR is the most recommended approach due to the small genome size of Chlamydophila , and they exhibit more ability than they do to demonstrate various biochemical pathways for species-level identification. ( Sibitz et al ., 2011 ; Momtaz et al ., 2014 ; Johnson, 2024 ). The study found that the 23S rRNA gene successfully identified all the tested feline Chlamydophila .…”

“…The subclinical form is commonly observed in most cases of C. felis infection, together with the implemented control methods. The present investigation found a significant prevalence of C. felis infection, which is consistent with previous research ( Gruffydd-Jones et al ., 2009 ; Sibitz et al ., 2011 ) that recorded in above 2 months of age. The molecular detection of the 23S rRNA gene specific for Chlamydophila genus ( Momtaz et al ., 2014 ) achieved in the existing study was indicated Chlamydophila directly from swabs in the shelter cats suffering from respiratory signs with conjunctivitis ( Table 4 ) ( Halánová et al ., 2011 ; Borel et al ., 2018 ).…”

<b>Molecular detection of <i>Chlamydophila felis</i> from conjunctiva of cats infected with conjunctivitis and upper respiratory disease</b>

“…The combination of clinical signs and PCR is the most recommended approach due to the small genome size of Chlamydophila , and they exhibit more ability than they do to demonstrate various biochemical pathways for species-level identification. ( Sibitz et al ., 2011 ; Momtaz et al ., 2014 ; Johnson, 2024 ). The study found that the 23S rRNA gene successfully identified all the tested feline Chlamydophila .…”

“…The subclinical form is commonly observed in most cases of C. felis infection, together with the implemented control methods. The present investigation found a significant prevalence of C. felis infection, which is consistent with previous research ( Gruffydd-Jones et al ., 2009 ; Sibitz et al ., 2011 ) that recorded in above 2 months of age. The molecular detection of the 23S rRNA gene specific for Chlamydophila genus ( Momtaz et al ., 2014 ) achieved in the existing study was indicated Chlamydophila directly from swabs in the shelter cats suffering from respiratory signs with conjunctivitis ( Table 4 ) ( Halánová et al ., 2011 ; Borel et al ., 2018 ).…”

A Molecular and Histopathological Study on Bronchopneumonia in Cats

“…In these cases, methods based on amplification of the genomic DNA of the agent appear to be an important option in determining the appropriate treatment. Real-time PCR has become an important diagnostic method in the field of veterinary medicine in recent years due to its rapid results, ability to detect microorganisms such as Mycoplasma and Chlamydia that are difficult to detect with conventional methods, and its high sensitivity (Hyeran et al, 2006;Pantchev et al, 2010;Sibitz et al, 2011;Tuzcu et al, 2021;Tuzcu et al, 2022;Akçakavak et al, 2023;Tuzcu et al, 2023).…”

Challenges in the veterinary microbiology diagnostic laboratory: a novel Acinetobacter species as presumptive cause for feline unilateral conjunctivitis

“…Conjunctival pathology associated with bacterial and viral agents is a common problem in small animal practice [4][5][6][7][8]. FHV-1 and Chlamydia felis frequently cause conjunctivitis in cats; published studies suggest that approximately 80 % of cats are latent carriers of FHV-1 and Chlamydia felis is responsible for 60 % of feline conjunctivitis [5][6][7]. The lack of PCR investigation for FHV-1 and Chlamydia felis is a limitation of the present study; however the clinical presentation including the absence of upper respiratory tract disease, the unilaterality of the problem and the patient's medical history (age/household) supported the prioritization of other differential diagnoses.…”

“…The case reported here highlights the importance of requesting diagnostic testing to assist with selection of appropriate treatment. Additionally, it illustrates how infections may be caused by uncommon micro-organisms that standard procedures can fail to identify, specifically in conjunctivitis cases where causative agents are difficult to detect [5]. A further problem for both the laboratory and the clinician is the lack of interpretive criteria for antibiotic susceptibility test results for some types of infections in animals and the complete unavailability of criteria for topical antibiotic preparations in either humans or animals [9].…”

<b>Molecular detection of <i>Chlamydophila felis</i> from conjunctiva of cats infected with conjunctivitis and upper respiratory disease</b>

“…The combination of clinical signs and PCR is the most recommended approach due to the small genome size of Chlamydophila , and they exhibit more ability than they do to demonstrate various biochemical pathways for species-level identification. ( Sibitz et al ., 2011 ; Momtaz et al ., 2014 ; Johnson, 2024 ). The study found that the 23S rRNA gene successfully identified all the tested feline Chlamydophila .…”

“…The subclinical form is commonly observed in most cases of C. felis infection, together with the implemented control methods. The present investigation found a significant prevalence of C. felis infection, which is consistent with previous research ( Gruffydd-Jones et al ., 2009 ; Sibitz et al ., 2011 ) that recorded in above 2 months of age. The molecular detection of the 23S rRNA gene specific for Chlamydophila genus ( Momtaz et al ., 2014 ) achieved in the existing study was indicated Chlamydophila directly from swabs in the shelter cats suffering from respiratory signs with conjunctivitis ( Table 4 ) ( Halánová et al ., 2011 ; Borel et al ., 2018 ).…”

A Molecular and Histopathological Study on Bronchopneumonia in Cats

“…In these cases, methods based on amplification of the genomic DNA of the agent appear to be an important option in determining the appropriate treatment. Real-time PCR has become an important diagnostic method in the field of veterinary medicine in recent years due to its rapid results, ability to detect microorganisms such as Mycoplasma and Chlamydia that are difficult to detect with conventional methods, and its high sensitivity (Hyeran et al, 2006;Pantchev et al, 2010;Sibitz et al, 2011;Tuzcu et al, 2021;Tuzcu et al, 2022;Akçakavak et al, 2023;Tuzcu et al, 2023).…”

Challenges in the veterinary microbiology diagnostic laboratory: a novel Acinetobacter species as presumptive cause for feline unilateral conjunctivitis

“…Conjunctival pathology associated with bacterial and viral agents is a common problem in small animal practice [4][5][6][7][8]. FHV-1 and Chlamydia felis frequently cause conjunctivitis in cats; published studies suggest that approximately 80 % of cats are latent carriers of FHV-1 and Chlamydia felis is responsible for 60 % of feline conjunctivitis [5][6][7]. The lack of PCR investigation for FHV-1 and Chlamydia felis is a limitation of the present study; however the clinical presentation including the absence of upper respiratory tract disease, the unilaterality of the problem and the patient's medical history (age/household) supported the prioritization of other differential diagnoses.…”

“…The case reported here highlights the importance of requesting diagnostic testing to assist with selection of appropriate treatment. Additionally, it illustrates how infections may be caused by uncommon micro-organisms that standard procedures can fail to identify, specifically in conjunctivitis cases where causative agents are difficult to detect [5]. A further problem for both the laboratory and the clinician is the lack of interpretive criteria for antibiotic susceptibility test results for some types of infections in animals and the complete unavailability of criteria for topical antibiotic preparations in either humans or animals [9].…”

<b>Molecular detection of <i>Chlamydophila felis</i> from conjunctiva of cats infected with conjunctivitis and upper respiratory disease</b>

“…The combination of clinical signs and PCR is the most recommended approach due to the small genome size of Chlamydophila , and they exhibit more ability than they do to demonstrate various biochemical pathways for species-level identification. ( Sibitz et al ., 2011 ; Momtaz et al ., 2014 ; Johnson, 2024 ). The study found that the 23S rRNA gene successfully identified all the tested feline Chlamydophila .…”

“…The subclinical form is commonly observed in most cases of C. felis infection, together with the implemented control methods. The present investigation found a significant prevalence of C. felis infection, which is consistent with previous research ( Gruffydd-Jones et al ., 2009 ; Sibitz et al ., 2011 ) that recorded in above 2 months of age. The molecular detection of the 23S rRNA gene specific for Chlamydophila genus ( Momtaz et al ., 2014 ) achieved in the existing study was indicated Chlamydophila directly from swabs in the shelter cats suffering from respiratory signs with conjunctivitis ( Table 4 ) ( Halánová et al ., 2011 ; Borel et al ., 2018 ).…”

A Molecular and Histopathological Study on Bronchopneumonia in Cats

“…In these cases, methods based on amplification of the genomic DNA of the agent appear to be an important option in determining the appropriate treatment. Real-time PCR has become an important diagnostic method in the field of veterinary medicine in recent years due to its rapid results, ability to detect microorganisms such as Mycoplasma and Chlamydia that are difficult to detect with conventional methods, and its high sensitivity (Hyeran et al, 2006;Pantchev et al, 2010;Sibitz et al, 2011;Tuzcu et al, 2021;Tuzcu et al, 2022;Akçakavak et al, 2023;Tuzcu et al, 2023).…”

Challenges in the veterinary microbiology diagnostic laboratory: a novel Acinetobacter species as presumptive cause for feline unilateral conjunctivitis

“…Conjunctival pathology associated with bacterial and viral agents is a common problem in small animal practice [4][5][6][7][8]. FHV-1 and Chlamydia felis frequently cause conjunctivitis in cats; published studies suggest that approximately 80 % of cats are latent carriers of FHV-1 and Chlamydia felis is responsible for 60 % of feline conjunctivitis [5][6][7]. The lack of PCR investigation for FHV-1 and Chlamydia felis is a limitation of the present study; however the clinical presentation including the absence of upper respiratory tract disease, the unilaterality of the problem and the patient's medical history (age/household) supported the prioritization of other differential diagnoses.…”

“…The case reported here highlights the importance of requesting diagnostic testing to assist with selection of appropriate treatment. Additionally, it illustrates how infections may be caused by uncommon micro-organisms that standard procedures can fail to identify, specifically in conjunctivitis cases where causative agents are difficult to detect [5]. A further problem for both the laboratory and the clinician is the lack of interpretive criteria for antibiotic susceptibility test results for some types of infections in animals and the complete unavailability of criteria for topical antibiotic preparations in either humans or animals [9].…”