Detection of handguns by their complex natural resonant frequencies

Harmer, Stuart; Andrews, David; Rezgui, Nacer Ddine; Bowring, Nicholas

doi:10.1049/iet-map.2009.0382

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Several promising techniques have been explored that enable nonimaging detection of concealed threats at stand-off distances [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These techniques are either based on polariemetric radar implemented at microwave or millimeter frequencies [15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] or on excitation of the natural resonances of metal objects at microwave frequencies [14,16]. This article addresses the latter group and investigates how some technical issues that prevent robust concealed object detection and recognition may be surmounted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The complex amplitudes C m depend upon the form of the illuminating pulse and the orientation of the target and therefore are not useful for target identification purposes. The model order M depends on the bandwidth of the microwave illumination, the target's shape and the local dielectric environment in which the target resides [14,[25][26][27]. Equation (1), excluding the background clutter term B, is the impulse response of the target, and since no antenna has infinite bandwidth, the received data will actually be a convolution of the transmitted excitation pulse with the impulse response of the target and the impulse response of the receiver.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In practice, only the first few complex natural resonances are excited with significant amplitude to be practically observable [14,16] and the higher order CNR decay more rapidly so that the LTR can Figure 1. Scattering of microwave radiation from the human body results in reception of signals which have no foundation in the reradiating target (here a handgun) current, these signals then superpose the LTR of any concealed target objects making detection, location and identification of concealed threats very difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On Body Concealed Weapon Detection Using a Phased Antenna Array

Harmer¹,

Cole²,

Bowring³

et al. 2012

PIER

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Abstract-The detection and identification of metal items and, in particular weapons, of linear size ≥ 10 cm, concealed upon the human body, is demonstrated as being entirely feasible by using a phased array of suitably ultra wide band transceivers. The complex natural resonances and especially the fundamental resonance, are excited by ultra wide band, stepped frequency continuous wave illumination of the target, using a phased array of antennae to focus the radiation. Broadband illumination of the target with microwave radiation of suitable frequency range (Typically 0.3-3 GHz for handgun sized objects) excites low order complex natural resonances and the late time response of the concealed item can be spatially located using phased array imaging techniques. Further processing of the late time response enables classification of the concealed object, based on the complex natural resonant frequencies of the object, so that threat items such as handguns and knives can be differentiated from benign items such as mobile phone handsets and cameras.

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“…Several promising techniques have been explored that enable nonimaging detection of concealed threats at stand-off distances [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

On Body Concealed Weapon Detection Using a Phased Antenna Array

Harmer¹,

Cole²,

Bowring³

et al. 2012

PIER

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show abstract

“…Compared with the third order, first and second orders have a corresponding large damping factor which means relatively short lifetime (Lifetime is inverse proportion to the damping factor). Thus it can be summarised that the first and second poles are not fairly trustworthy due to the short lifetime and also finite solver in CST computer simulation software [8]. Therefore, the third order is highly trustworthy compared with the other two orders and can be used for further implementation of egg quantity discrimination.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Egg quantity determination based on characteristic polarisation state

Brown

2012

Electron. Lett.

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Due to the disability of traditional Complex Natural Resonant method (CNR), the Characteristic Polarisation State (CPS) method is proposed to determine egg quantity in a box with a two by three eggs configuration. Parameters are investigated for different egg quantity scenarios and the results show a potential way to determine number in terms of characteristic angle .Introduction: Ultra wideband target identification is very useful in a number of applications such as military, security control, biomedical and internet of things. Intelligent fridges will become an important component of internet of things to improve quality of life. Monitoring the number of eggs in a fridge would be one application of this. As it can be known, RFID techniques can be applied to determine the rough location of an item such as a box of eggs but it cannot determine the exact quantity of eggs in the box. One possible solution is to add an RFID tag to every egg, which has disadvantages of cost and potential health risk. Therefore, UWB radar would be a useful complement to RFID in this case to determine items in a fridge and their quantity. Numerous applications on shape identification have been carried out by using the CNR method [1][2][3][4]. In these papers, people can distinguish a sphere and a cylinder or other objects well by comparing the location of independent complex natural poles. Therefore, this would provide a simple way to distinguish milk bottles and egg boxes. Nevertheless, to the authors' knowledge, there is nothing about how to determine the exact quantity. A novel method, CPS [5] has been proposed recently to observe the target polarisation. Successful story has been revealed to differ two L-shape targets with different wire length [6]. Two orthogonal linear polarisations, which are horizontal and vertical polarisation are illuminated and measured in cross and co-polarisation. Then characteristic angle in accordance to CPS is evaluated in order to have the ability to discern the number of eggs.

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