Detection of azaspiracids in mussels using electrochemical immunosensors for fast screening in monitoring programs

Leonardo, Sandra; Kilcoyne, Jane; Samdal, Ingunn A.; Miles, Christopher O.; O’Sullivan, Ciara K.; Diogène, Jorge; Campàs, Mònica

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2018.02.046

Cited by 21 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Regarding detection methods, research has been focused on the production of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against AZA [ 159 , 176 , 177 ]. These have been developed into a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [ 157 ], a magnetic bead/electrochemical immunoassay [ 158 ], and an immunosensor [ 178 ] for the polyclonal antibodies. The monoclonal antibodies were also used by the different research laboratories to develop an immunoassay for the detection of these biotoxins such as a microsphere/flow fluorimetry-based immunoassay [ 179 , 180 ].…”

Section: Challenges For the Detection Of Emerging Toxin Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges

Otero

Silva

2022

Marine Drugs

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Harmful algal blooms pose a challenge regarding food safety due to their erratic nature and forming circumstances which are yet to be disclosed. The best strategy to protect human consumers is through legislation and monitoring strategies. Global warming and anthropological intervention aided the migration and establishment of emerging toxin producers into Europe’s temperate waters, creating a new threat to human public health. The lack of information, standards, and reference materials delay effective solutions, being a matter of urgent resolution. In this work, the recent findings of the presence of emerging azaspiracids, spirolildes, pinnatoxins, gymnodimines, palitoxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, and tetrodotoxins on European Coasts are addressed. The information concerning emerging toxins such as new matrices, locations, and toxicity assays is paramount to set the risk assessment guidelines, regulatory levels, and analytical methodology that would protect the consumers.

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Section: Challenges For the Detection Of Emerging Toxin Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges

Otero

Silva

2022

Marine Drugs

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“…Leonardo et al developed a competitive-based electrochemical immunosensor aimed at detecting AZA and analogues [ 154 ]. Anti-AZA antibodies are immobilised to protein G or avidin-coated electrodes on screen-printed carbon 8-electrode arrays.…”

Section: Proof Of Concept Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Trends and Challenges for Rapid SMART Diagnostics at Point-of-Site Testing for Marine Toxins

Dillon

Zaczek-Moczydlowska

Edwards

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In the past twenty years marine biotoxin analysis in routine regulatory monitoring has advanced significantly in Europe (EU) and other regions from the use of the mouse bioassay (MBA) towards the high-end analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS). Previously, acceptance of these advanced methods, in progressing away from the MBA, was hindered by a lack of commercial certified analytical standards for method development and validation. This has now been addressed whereby the availability of a wide range of analytical standards from several companies in the EU, North America and Asia has enhanced the development and validation of methods to the required regulatory standards. However, the cost of the high-end analytical equipment, lengthy procedures and the need for qualified personnel to perform analysis can still be a challenge for routine monitoring laboratories. In developing regions, aquaculture production is increasing and alternative inexpensive Sensitive, Measurable, Accurate and Real-Time (SMART) rapid point-of-site testing (POST) methods suitable for novice end users that can be validated and internationally accepted remain an objective for both regulators and the industry. The range of commercial testing kits on the market for marine toxin analysis remains limited and even more so those meeting the requirements for use in regulatory control. Individual assays include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and lateral flow membrane-based immunoassays (LFIA) for EU-regulated toxins, such as okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), saxitoxin (STX) and its analogues and domoic acid (DA) in the form of three separate tests offering varying costs and benefits for the industry. It can be observed from the literature that not only are developments and improvements ongoing for these assays, but there are also novel assays being developed using upcoming state-of-the-art biosensor technology. This review focuses on both currently available methods and recent advances in innovative methods for marine biotoxin testing and the end-user practicalities that need to be observed. Furthermore, it highlights trends that are influencing assay developments such as multiplexing capabilities and rapid POST, indicating potential detection methods that will shape the future market.

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“…To date, two antibodies to AZAs have been reported, one polyclonal 38 and one monoclonal. 39 These have been developed into a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 40 a magnetic bead/electrochemical immunoassay, 41 and an immunosensor 42 for the polyclonal antibodies, and a microsphere/flow fluorimetry-based immunoassay 43 for the monoclonal antibody.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Practical ELISA for Azaspiracids in Shellfish via Development of a New Plate-Coating Antigen

Samdal

Løvberg

Kristoffersen

et al. 2019

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of biotoxins that appear periodically in shellfish and can cause food poisoning in humans. Current methods for quantifying the regulated AZAs are restricted to LC-MS but are not well suited to detecting novel and unregulated AZAs. An ELISA method for total AZAs in shellfish was reported recently, but unfortunately, it used relatively large amounts of the AZA-1-containing plate-coating conjugate, consuming significant amounts of pure AZA-1 per assay. Therefore, a new plate-coater, OVA–cdiAZA1 was produced, resulting in an ELISA with a working range of 0.30–4.1 ng/mL and a limit of quantification of 37 μg/kg for AZA-1 in shellfish. This ELISA was nearly twice as sensitive as the previous ELISA while using 5-fold less plate-coater. The new ELISA displayed broad cross-reactivity toward AZAs, detecting all available quantitative AZA reference materials as well as the precursors to AZA-3 and AZA-6, and results from shellfish analyzed with the new ELISA showed excellent correlation (R 2 = 0.99) with total AZA-1–10 by LC-MS. The results suggest that the new ELISA is suitable for screening samples for total AZAs, even in cases where novel AZAs are present and regulated AZAs are absent, such as was reported recently from Puget Sound and the Bay of Naples.

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Detection of azaspiracids in mussels using electrochemical immunosensors for fast screening in monitoring programs

Cited by 21 publications

References 30 publications

Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges

Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges

Current Trends and Challenges for Rapid SMART Diagnostics at Point-of-Site Testing for Marine Toxins

A Practical ELISA for Azaspiracids in Shellfish via Development of a New Plate-Coating Antigen

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