Detection and quantification of acidic drug residues in South African surface water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Simultaneous determination of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac in wastewater using solid-phase extraction with high performance liquid chromatography

“…Although there is enough evidence on the occurrence of NSAIDs in European water bodies (Carmona et al, 2014;Yu et al, 2006;Rodil et al, 2012;Togola and Budzinski, 2007) (Agunbiade and Moodley, 2014;Agunbiade and Moodley, 2016;Amdany et al, 2015;Gumbi et al, 2017;Madikizela and Chimuka, 2016;Matongo et al, 2015a;Matongo et al, 2015b). These published studies report the concentration of selected pharmaceuticals in aqueous samples collected from a few geographical areas of the Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa.…”

“…These published studies report the concentration of selected pharmaceuticals in aqueous samples collected from a few geographical areas of the Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa. For example, most studies reported for KwaZulu-Natal Province focused on environmental pollution in the north of the city of Durban and in locations around Pietermaritzburg (Agunbiade and Moodley, 2014;Agunbiade and Moodley, 2016;Gumbi et al, 2017;Madikizela and Chimuka, 2016;Matongo et al, 2015a;Matongo et al, 2015b). Therefore, more work is required in order to assess the extent of water pollution in several regions of South Africa.…”

“…A suitable sample preparation technique is employed prior to the chromatographic separation of target compounds. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique using Oasis HLB sorbent is widely used for pre-concentration of NSAIDs and elimination of interfering species (Agunbiade and Moodley, 2014;Agunbiade and Moodley, 2016;Gumbi et al, 2017;Matongo et al, 2015;Matongo et al, 2015). However, such sorbent is most suitable when target compounds exhibit both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties (Madikizela et al, 2014).…”

“…In gas chromatographic analysis, derivatization is employed for the improvement of volatility of target compounds (Gumbi et al, 2017;Rodil et al, 2012;Togola and Budzinski, 2007). Togola and Budzinski (2007) derivatized acidic pharmaceuticals with N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide prior to gas chromatographic analysis.…”

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products as emerging micropollutants in Brazilian surface waters: a preliminary snapshot on environmental contamination and risks

“…Higher median concentrations are noticed for acetylsalicylic acid, followed by ibuprofen and 17α-ethinylestradiol. The first two substances have been found at high concentrations not only in Brazilian waters, but also in other countries [64][65][66] . The same observation, however, cannot be made for 17α-ethinylestradiol, as well as for other substances investigated in Brazil.…”