Detection and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Fluoroquinolones Residues in Chicken Meat from the Districts of Malang and Blitar, Indonesia

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) residues in fresh chicken meat and evaluate its consumption risk to the adult population in Indonesia. A total of 55 fresh chicken-meat samples were collected from Districts of Malang and Blitar, East Java Province, Indonesia, in April 2017. Detections of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a PDA detector. It was found that ciprofloxacin was detected with a frequency of 67.3% at a maximum concentration of 275.00 ng/g. Enrofloxacin was detected with a frequency of 41.8% at a maximum concentration of 242.40 ng/g, or totally as a sum of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues detected in 76.4% samples at a maximum concentration of 367.50 ng/g. The estimated dietary intakes of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were 44.90 ng/kg body weight/day and 7.91 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively, resulting in the hazard indexes of 0.0063 and 0.0013 for the consumptions of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin residues in chicken meat. Therefore, the risk associated with the consumption of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin residues in chicken meat by the adult population in Indonesia was considered negligible.

Assessment of antibiotic residues in chicken meat

“…Ciprofloxacin residues in chicken liver were detected at 44%, thighs at 34%, and breast at 30% ( Sattar et al ., 2014 ). Likely, Widiastuti et al . (2022 ) reported that 67.3% of chicken meat had ciprofloxacin residues, with a mean concentration of 91.22 ± 70.49 ng/g.…”

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Fluoroquinolone Residues in Chicken and Pork in China

“…In a previous study, a total of 127 chicken meat samples were studied to detect quinolones from Ankara, Turkey, where 45.7% of samples were positive for quinolones and the mean level of quinolones was found to be 30.81 μg/kg [ 42 ]. In other studies, data on the occurrence of enrofloxacin or/and ciprofloxacin in chicken were found for Portugal [ 4 , 27 ], Indonesia [ 28 ], Korea [ 29 ], Lebanon [ 30 ], Sri Lanka [ 31 ], South Africa [ 32 ], and Vietnam [ 33 ], with a detected frequency in the range of 4.2–51.9% and 5.17–67.3%, respectively, which was higher than that observed in our study (3.36% and 1.14%). This result indicated that these antibiotics are widely used in the world.…”

“…Similarly, seven (12.1%) of the chicken meat samples were positive for enrofloxacin, but only three (5.2%) of the chicken meat samples were positive for ciprofloxacin in Korea [ 29 ]. On the contrary, the detection frequencies of enrofloxacin residues were found to be lower than that of ciprofloxacin in chicken samples in Indonesia (41.8% and 67.3%), Lebanon (12.5% and 32.5%), and Portugal (51.0% and 60.4%) [ 4 , 28 , 30 ].…”

“…In light of the above, monitoring and assessing dietary exposure risk to fluoroquinolone residues are essential to ensure the safety of the animal-based foods available to consumers. Several studies have reported fluoroquinolone residue levels in chicken or/and pork from other countries [ 4 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. However, so far, limited information on the occurrence and exposure assessment of fluoroquinolone residues in chicken and pork in China is available.…”

Degradation of ciprofloxacin in aqueous solution using ozone microbubbles: spectroscopic, kinetics, and antibacterial analysis

“…CIP tends to accumulate in aquatic environments, due to its low biodegradability, eventually leading to high concentrations [ 11 , 12 ]. CIP can also disperse into the foodchain via trophic transfer [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. In addition, a sub-inhibitory dose of CIP may lead to the development of resistance to antimicrobial drugs, therefore it poses threats to both environmental and human health [ 18 ].…”