Designing polymers with sugar-based advantages for bioactive delivery applications

Abstract

Sugar-based polymers have been extensively explored as a means to increase drug delivery systems’ biocompatibility and biodegradation. Here, we review the use of sugar-based polymers for drug delivery applications, with a particular focus on the utility of the sugar component(s) to provide benefits for drug targeting and stimuli-responsive systems. Specifically, numerous synthetic methods have been developed to reliably modify naturally-occurring polysaccharides, conjugate sugar moieties to synthetic polymer scaffolds to generate glycopolymers, and utilize sugars as a multifunctional building block to develop sugar-linked polymers. The design of sugar-based polymer systems has tremendous implications on both the physiological and biological properties imparted by the saccharide units and are unique from synthetic polymers. These features include the ability of glycopolymers to preferentially target various cell types and tissues through receptor interactions, exhibit bioadhesion for prolonged residence time, and be rapidly recognized and internalized by cancer cells. Also discussed are the distinct stimuli-sensitive properties of saccharide-modified polymers to mediate drug release under desired conditions. Saccharide-based systems with inherent pH- and temperature-sensitive properties, as well as enzyme-cleavable polysaccharides for targeted bioactive delivery, are covered. Overall, this work emphasizes inherent benefits of sugar-containing polymer systems for bioactive delivery.

Cross‐linkable graphene oxide embedded nanocomposite hydrogel with enhanced mechanics and cytocompatibility for tissue engineering

“…[47][48][49][50][51][52] Pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell has the potential for neuronal differentiation induced by nerve growth factor (NGF). This indicates a cytotoxicity-that is, low cytocompatibility-for rGO 10 PAM 1000 hydrogel that rely on pure physical adsorption force to maintain hydrogel formation. In preliminary studies, the differences for rGO 1 PAM 300 and rGO-TrisA 1 PAM 300 nanocomposite hydrogels in cell responses are not distinctly obvious, most likely due the low concentrations of GO in hydrogel.…”

Preparation of a dual cored hepatoma-specific star glycopolymer nanogel via arm-first ATRP approach

“…18,19 Moreover, glycosylated nanocarriers with terminal galactose or lactose moieties have also shown selectivity for hepatic cells, with clinical relevance for hepatoma chemotherapy or hepatitis C treatment. 20 Indeed, hepatoma, the most common type of human cancer, is known to express abnormally high level of the asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-Rs) that are responsive to carbohydrate motifs including the N-acetyl galactosamine, galactose, and lactose. 4,6,10,[21][22][23][24][25] It is also noteworthy that malignant tumor cells also elicit changes in the stroma for rapid growth and progression, thus creating an abnormal microenvironment characterized by hypoxia, acidity, and overexpression of surface receptors and enzymes.…”

Design and Implementation of e-mail Client Application

“…Because e-mail is passed through the mai1 server to deliver documents. Usually mail server UNIX operating system of multi mission computer, it provides 24 hours of e-mail service, as long as the user to the mail server management personnel to apply for a mail account, you can use the fast mail service [2].…”