Design of voltage-mode PID controller using a single voltage differencing current conveyor (VDCC)

Novel Voltage-Mode PID Controller Using a Single CCTA and All Grounded Passive Components

“…Based on the condition of the K P value specified in equation (14), equation (15) has two real roots, as illustrated below.…”

“…Their wide range of applications have stimulated and sustained the design and invention of various PID controller circuits and sophisticated hardware modules. Over the last two decades, the enormous literature on PID process controllers has featured a wide range of design techniques based on numerous active compo-nents, such as operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) [3], second generation current conveyors (CCIIs) [4]- [5], current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs) [6]- [9], current differencing buffered amplifiers (CDBAs) [10], differential voltage current conveyor transconductance amplifiers (DVCCTAs) [11], current follower transconductance amplifiers (CFTAs) [12]-13], voltage differencing transconductance amplifiers (VDTAs) [14], voltage differencing current conveyors (VDCCs) [15], and second generation voltage conveyors (VCIIs) [16]. In [3]- [4], [6], [9]- [10], the PID controllers designed with the signal-flow graph approach have been proposed.…”

“…However, for the realizations in [3]- [4], [9]- [10], [16], at least four active components were required. Furthermore, PID controller realizations of [4]- [6], [9]- [11], [13]- [15] include a number of passive components, i.e., at least five passive components, some of which are also floating. Floating passive components were used to design single active element-based PID controller circuits in [7]- [8], [12]- [13], [15]- [16].…”

“…Furthermore, PID controller realizations of [4]- [6], [9]- [11], [13]- [15] include a number of passive components, i.e., at least five passive components, some of which are also floating. Floating passive components were used to design single active element-based PID controller circuits in [7]- [8], [12]- [13], [15]- [16]. Active circuit structures with all grounded passive elements are well recognized to be useful for fully integrated circuit (IC) design as well as IC hybrid fabrication processes.…”

“…This is due to the fact that the usage of grounded passive elements is helpful for the electronic adjustability and permits the elimination/accommodation of various parasitic effects for IC implementation. Another point to note is that the performance and application of the previously discussed controllers [3]- [7], [10]- [15] were evaluated solely through computer simulations. For acceptability purposes, experimental measurements are the important method to evaluate the practicability of the circuit.…”