Design and implementation of an electronic nose system for real-time detection of marijuana

Leite, Lucas Sampaio; Visani, Valeria; Marques, Paulo César Florentino; Seabra, Maria Aparecida Barreto Lopes; Oliveira, Natália Cybelle Lima; Gubert, Priscila; Medeiros, Victor Wanderley Costa de; Albuquerque, Jones; Filho, José Luiz de Lima

doi:10.1080/10739149.2021.1887213

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Highlighted are the E-nose's speed, costeffectiveness, reliability, and ease of operation, positioning it as a potent tool for border agents in combating cigarette smuggling and preventing significant losses in tax revenues and sales. In the context of detecting illicit substances, Leite et al developed an E-nose for real-time marijuana detection [69]. An E-nose system, based on commercially available gas sensors, is developed to offer a nondestructive, rapid, low-cost, and portable solution for in situ detection.…”

Section: Counterfeit Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of electronic nose technology in the tobacco industry: a comprehensive review

Du,

Xi,

Chen

et al. 2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Electronic nose (E-nose) technology has emerged as a promising tool for rapid and objective analysis of complex odor profiles in various industries, including the tobacco sector. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of E-noses in the tobacco industry, focusing on their potential for enhancing quality control, optimizing blend formulations, monitoring processing conditions, and assuring the quality of finished products. We discuss the basic principles, working mechanisms, sensor types, and data processing techniques employed in E-noses, as well as the challenges and limitations associated with their adoption in the tobacco industry. These challenges include sensor drift, calibration, interference from environmental factors, the complexity of tobacco aroma and flavor profiles, and regulatory and ethical considerations. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for further research and development in E-nose technology, with an emphasis on addressing technical challenges, refining sensor systems, and fostering collaboration among researchers, industry stakeholders, and regulatory agencies. By overcoming these hurdles, E-nose technology has the potential to revolutionize the tobacco industry, ensuring consistent product quality, and meeting the changing demands of consumers while addressing public health concerns and regulatory requirements.

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Section: Counterfeit Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of electronic nose technology in the tobacco industry: a comprehensive review

Du,

Xi,

Chen

et al. 2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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“…In this sense, the use of more robust tools for data processing represents an interesting alternative. There is a growing interest in artificial intelligence and neural networks to treat and analyze the collected responses and enhance the system performance. ,− Another trend is the miniaturization of devices to perform measurements in situ at real-time. − …”

Section: Sensors Arrays For Amine In Gas Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Amine Gas Sensors for Food Quality Monitoring: Novel Architectures for Sensing Materials and Systems

et al. 2022

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The increasing demand for food production has necessitated the development of sensitive and reliable methods of analysis, which allow for the optimization of storage and distribution while ensuring food safety. Methods to quantify and monitor volatile and biogenic amines are key to minimizing the waste of high-protein foods and to enable the safe consumption of fresh products. Novel materials and device designs have allowed the development of portable and reliable sensors that make use of different transduction methods for amine detection and food quality monitoring. Herein, we review the past decade’s advances in volatile amine sensors for food quality monitoring. First, the role of volatile and biogenic amines as a food-quality index is presented. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the distinct amine gas sensors is provided according to the transduction method, operation strategies, and distinct materials (e.g., metal oxide semiconductors, conjugated polymers, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenides, metal organic frameworks, MXenes, quantum dots, and dyes, among others) employed in each case. These include chemoresistive, fluorometric, colorimetric, and microgravimetric sensors. Emphasis is also given to sensor arrays that record the food quality fingerprints and wireless devices that operate as radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags. Finally, challenges and future opportunities on the development of new amine sensors are presented aiming to encourage further research and technological development of reliable, integrated, and remotely accessible devices for food-quality monitoring.

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“…Besides laboratory analysis using chromatographic measurement techniques [4,5], alternative methods to determine THC in cannabis are commercially available, e.g., THC test kits [6][7][8] or microelectronic gas sensors [9][10][11]. However, these methods do not provide the necessary measurement precision to reliably distinguish between legal and illegal samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensor for Rapid In-Field Classification of Cannabis Samples Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Zimmerleiter,

Greibl,

Meininger

et al. 2024

Sensors

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A rugged handheld sensor for rapid in-field classification of cannabis samples based on their THC content using ultra-compact near-infrared spectrometer technology is presented. The device is designed for use by the Austrian authorities to discriminate between legal and illegal cannabis samples directly at the place of intervention. Hence, the sensor allows direct measurement through commonly encountered transparent plastic packaging made from polypropylene or polyethylene without any sample preparation. The measurement time is below 20 s. Measured spectral data are evaluated using partial least squares discriminant analysis directly on the device’s hardware, eliminating the need for internet connectivity for cloud computing. The classification result is visually indicated directly on the sensor via a colored LED. Validation of the sensor is performed on an independent data set acquired by non-expert users after a short introduction. Despite the challenging setting, the achieved classification accuracy is higher than 80%. Therefore, the handheld sensor has the potential to reduce the number of unnecessarily confiscated legal cannabis samples, which would lead to significant monetary savings for the authorities.

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Design and implementation of an electronic nose system for real-time detection of marijuana

Cited by 9 publications

References 46 publications

Applications of electronic nose technology in the tobacco industry: a comprehensive review

Applications of electronic nose technology in the tobacco industry: a comprehensive review

Recent Progress in Amine Gas Sensors for Food Quality Monitoring: Novel Architectures for Sensing Materials and Systems

Sensor for Rapid In-Field Classification of Cannabis Samples Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

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