Design and Characterization of Elastic Artificial Skin Containing Adenosine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Treating Wrinkles

Abstract

Adenosine (AD), which is used for treating wrinkles, exhibits poor skin permeation. The aim of the present study was to develop a cross-linked silicone-based cellulose elastomer as an elastic artificial skin for the treatment of skin wrinkles, a biocompatible lipid-based nano-carrier for enhancing the skin permeation of AD, and a formulation consisting of the lipid-based carrier incorporated in the elastic artificial skin. AD-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared using a double-emulsion method. Particle characteristics and mechanical properties of SLNs and elastic artificial skin, respectively, were assessed. Skin permeation was evaluated using SkinEthic RHE tissue, a reconstructed human epidermis model. The mean particle size and zeta potential for SLNs ranged from 123.57 to 248.90 nm and −13.23 to −41.23 mV, respectively. The components of neither SLNs nor the elastic artificial skin were cytotoxic, according to cell- and tissue-viability assays and EU classification. SLNs and the elastic artificial skin exhibited sustained drug release for 48 h. The amount of AD released from SLNs and elastic artificial skin was approximately 10 times and 5 times higher, respectively, than that from AD solution. Therefore, elastic artificial skin incorporated with AD-loaded SLNs may serve as a promising topical delivery system for cosmeceutical treatment of skin wrinkles.

Features, applications, and sustainability of lipid nanoparticles in cosmeceuticals

“…Therefore, wrinkles are developed, when the skin is stretched by muscle movement and cannot return to its normal smoothness. Accordingly, it is reasonable to assume that LNPs may improve skin elasticity due to their hydration properties, and these nanoproducts can further be advertised as anti-aging products ( Gupta et al, 2013 , Iqbal et al, 2018 , Kaul et al, 2018 , Souto et al, 2020 , Yeo et al, 2021 ). Moreover, the sunscreen properties of LNPs are suggested since these products show photo-protection properties ( Villalobos-Hernández and Müller-Goymann, 2005 , Jose and Netto, 2019 ).…”

“…type and concentration of surfactants), (iii) the solubilizing properties of these surfactants toward the incorporated AI, and the solubility and concentration of the CAI in the lipid matrix (oil/ water partition coefficient). The inner structure of the obtained LNPs is affected by these factors and therefore the release profile of incorporated materials can be changed from a slow to immediate release pattern ( Souto et al, 2004a , Souto et al, 2004b , Üner et al, 2005 , Pople and Singh, 2006 , Khezri et al, 2021 , Yeo et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Very recently, Lee et al have reported the loading of adenosine (AD)- an agent used to treat wrinkles- in solid lipid nanoparticles for improving its skin permeation. Then, the AD-SLN was incorporated into the elastic artificial skin ( Yeo et al, 2021 ). The SLN and the elastic artificial skin showed good biocompatibility.…”

Skin Penetration Enhancer-Incorporated Lipid Nanovesicles (SPE-LNV) for Skin Brightening and Wrinkle Treatment

“…Among these library of active ingredients employed, niacinamide and adenosine are commonly used to improve the skin tone and pigmentation and treat wrinkles. , In particular, niacinamide serves as a brightening ingredient, inhibiting hyperpigmentation by suppressing the production and transfer of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes . On the other hand, adenosine stimulates collagen formation and reduces wrinkles by acting on A 2A and A 2B adenosine receptors in primary human dermal fibroblasts. − While transdermal delivery of these active ingredients has been widely exploited in the cosmetics field due to these advantages, both compounds are highly water-soluble and thus inherently exhibit low skin permeability . Conventional methods to resolve this issue include using chemical penetration enhancers such as ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxides , as well as employing physical methods such as sonication and electroporation to facilitate the permeation of active ingredients through the skin’s outermost stratum corneum (SC) layer.…”

“…5−7 While transdermal delivery of these active ingredients has been widely exploited in the cosmetics field due to these advantages, both compounds are highly water-soluble and thus inherently exhibit low skin permeability. 8 Conventional methods to resolve this issue include using chemical penetration enhancers such as ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxides 9,10 as well as employing physical methods such as sonication 11 and electroporation 12 to facilitate the permeation of active ingredients through the skin's outermost stratum corneum (SC) layer. However, these methods either require specialized equipment or raise safety issues by causing skin irritation or disrupting the barrier function.…”