Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Failure Associated with Innate Immune Activation

Acute corneal allograft rejection following SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination–A systematic review

“…Proposed mechanisms for acute corneal allograft rejection following SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination include the activation of toll‐like receptors on the ocular surface and CD4+ T helper‐1 cell (Th1) immunity (Ng et al, 2022 ), and the reduction of the corneal immune privilege due to systemic immune dysregulation (Steinemann et al, 1988 ). While this mechanism has been better characterized for PKP, it has been less precisely described for EK grafts (Hos et al, 2019 ); it has been proposed that innate cellular responses or non‐cellular rejection mechanisms independent of this classic Th1 mechanisms involved in PKP rejection may be relevant in EK endothelial cell loss and rejection (Luznik et al, 2019 ).…”

Aqueous humour cytokine profiles after Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty

“…A major strength of this study is the post-operative evaluation of AqH cytokine profiles in eyes that underwent DMEK. Although the existence of a correlation between immune responses and graft failure following DMEK has been reported 24 , no comprehensive evaluation of AqH cytokine profiles following DMEK has been performed, especially during the stable and quiescent post-operative period. The average duration of the post-operative period in the DMEK group was 1,018 ± 460 days, which is a relatively long-term follow-up after DMEK.…”

“…Recently, we have demonstrated a strong correlation between aqueous humour (AqH) inflammation and ECD loss following corneal transplantation 17 – 23 . In addition, Lužnik et al have reported increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-8, in the AqH of failed DMEK cases, suggesting that innate immune activation may exert an adverse influence on ECD 24 . Furthermore, we have recently reported the regression of corneal neovascularisation (which is often associated with severe corneal inflammation) following DMEK 25 , indicating that healthy corneal endothelial cells (CEnCs) may play a pivotal role in modulating inflammatory conditions in the cornea.…”

Uncovering the Depths of the Human Proteome: Antibody-based Technologies for Ultrasensitive Multiplexed Protein Detection and Quantification

“…Compared with conventional bead-based immunoassays that are performed in suspension, the microsphere bead chip assay mitigates some technical inconsistencies caused by the aggregation of beads, competition for binding sites, density and sedimentation artifacts, and signal quenching, where fluorescent signal intensity may be reduced in suspension formats due to proximity with neighboring fluorophore-tagged antibodies that are in excited states ( 126 ). Currently, 3 to 12 human proteins can be detected concurrently, with biological functions categorized into inflammation/cytokines, ophthalmology, and immuno-oncology ( 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 ).…”