Depth of interocular suppression associated with continuous flash suppression, flash suppression, and binocular rivalry

Tsuchiya, Naotsugu; Koch, Christof; Gilroy, Lee A.; Blake, Randolph

doi:10.1167/6.10.6

Cited by 191 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…(iii) Whereas endogenous attention has some effect on the dominant stimulus, exogenous attention (attention ''grabbing") in the suppressed stimulus will bring it out of suppression (Fox & Check, 1968). Attention grapping thus decreases the dominance period of the other stimulus and is explained by an increase in strength of the error signal (this seems consistent with findings on continuous flash suppression; Tsuchiya, Koch, Gilroy, & Blake, 2006).…”

Section: Modulation Of Dominance Durationsupporting

confidence: 69%

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

2008

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a b s t r a c tBinocular rivalry occurs when the eyes are presented with different stimuli and subjective perception alternates between them. Though recent years have seen a number of models of this phenomenon, the mechanisms behind binocular rivalry are still debated and we still lack a principled understanding of why a cognitive system such as the brain should exhibit this striking kind of behaviour. Furthermore, psychophysical and neurophysiological (single cell and imaging) studies of rivalry are not unequivocal and have proven difficult to reconcile within one framework. This review takes an epistemological approach to rivalry that considers the brain as engaged in probabilistic unconscious perceptual inference about the causes of its sensory input. We describe a simple empirical Bayesian framework, implemented with predictive coding, which seems capable of explaining binocular rivalry and reconciling many findings. The core of the explanation is that selection of one stimulus, and subsequent alternation between stimuli in rivalry occur when: (i) there is no single model or hypothesis about the causes in the environment that enjoys both high likelihood and high prior probability and (ii) when one stimulus dominates, the bottom-up, driving signal for that stimulus is explained away while, crucially, the bottom-up signal for the suppressed stimulus is not, and remains as an unexplained but explainable prediction error signal. This induces instability in perceptual dynamics that can give rise to perceptual transitions or alternations during rivalry.

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Section: Modulation Of Dominance Durationsupporting

confidence: 69%

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

2008

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“…Models of suppressive contrast gain control have prompted a resurgence of interest in ocular interactions in psychophysics (Meese & Hess, 2004;Maehara & Goryo, 2005;Ding & Sperling, 2006;Meese et al, 2006;Tsuchiya et al, 2006;Medina et al, 2007;Baker et al, 2007aBaker et al, , 2007bWeiler et al, 2007), electrophysiology (Walker et al 1998;Truchard et al, 2000;Li et al, 2005;Sengpiel & Vorobyov, 2005), and functional imaging (Büchert et al, 2002). These studies have driven the development of binocular models of masking, where interocular suppression forms part of the divisive contrast gain control (Walker et al, 1998;Meese & Hess, 2004;Maehara & Goryo, 2005;Meese et al, 2006;Baker et al, 2007a).…”

Section: Gain Control and Ocular Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A common contrast pooling rule for suppression within and between the eyes

2008

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Recent work has revealed multiple pathways for cross-orientation suppression in cat and human vision. In particular, ipsiocular and interocular pathways appear to assert their influence before binocular summation in human but have different (1) spatial tuning, (2) temporal dependencies, and (3) adaptation after-effects. Here we use mask components that fall outside the excitatory passband of the detecting mechanism to investigate the rules for pooling multiple mask components within these pathways. We measured psychophysical contrast masking functions for vertical 1 cycle/ deg sine-wave gratings in the presence of left or right oblique (645 deg) 3 cycles/deg mask gratings with contrast C%, or a plaid made from their sum, where each component (i) had contrast 0.5C i %. Masks and targets were presented to two eyes (binocular), one eye (monoptic), or different eyes (dichoptic). Binocular-masking functions superimposed when plotted against C, but in the monoptic and dichoptic conditions, the grating produced slightly more suppression than the plaid when C i $ 16%. We tested contrast gain control models involving two types of contrast combination on the denominator: (1) spatial pooling of the mask after a local nonlinearity (to calculate either root mean square contrast or energy) and (2) ''linear suppression' ' (Holmes & Meese, 2004, Journal of Vision 4, 1080-1089), involving the linear sum of the mask component contrasts. Monoptic and dichoptic masking were typically better fit by the spatial pooling models, but binocular masking was not: it demanded strict linear summation of the Michelson contrast across mask orientation. Another scheme, in which suppressive pooling followed compressive contrast responses to the mask components (e.g., oriented cortical cells), was ruled out by all of our data. We conclude that the different processes that underlie monoptic and dichoptic masking use the same type of contrast pooling within their respective suppressive fields, but the effects do not sum to predict the binocular case.

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“…In CFS, a stream of salient patterns flashed to the dominant eye renders the signal presented to the non-dominant eye invisible (Tsuchiya & Koch, 2005;Tsuchiya, Koch, Gilroy, & Blake, 2006). Relying on previous results (Anstis, Giaschi, & Cogan, 1985;Blake, Ahlström, & Alais, 1999;Geisler, 1999;Jordan, Fallah, & Stoner, 2006;Kruse, Stadler, & Wehner, 1986;Rajimehr, Vaziri-Pashkam, Afraz, & Esteky, 2004;Ramachandran, 1975;Troje, Sadr, Geyer, & Nakayama, 2006;Wiesenfelder & Blake, 1991), we assumed that in the presence of temporal integration, being exposed to apparent motion with a particular direction or a point-light walker with kinematic features (hereafter the adaptor) would bias the way subsequent ambiguous motion is perceived (i.e., apparent motion with ambiguous direction, or point-light walkers with ambiguous gender).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal structure coding with and without awareness

Faivre

Koch

2014

Cognition

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a b s t r a c tIn order to interpret a constantly changing environment, visual events far apart in space and time must be integrated into a unified percept. While spatial properties of invisible signals are known to be encoded without awareness, the fate of temporal properties remains largely unknown. Here, we probed temporal integration for two distinct motion stimuli that were either visible or rendered invisible using continuous flash suppression. We found that when invisible, both the direction of apparent motion and the gender of point-light walkers were processed only when defined across short time periods (i.e., respectively 100 ms and 1000 ms). This limitation was not observed under full visibility. These similar findings at two different hierarchical levels of processing suggest that temporal integration windows shrink in the absence of perceptual awareness. We discuss this phenomenon as a key prediction of the global neuronal workspace and the information integration theories of consciousness.

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Depth of interocular suppression associated with continuous flash suppression, flash suppression, and binocular rivalry

Cited by 191 publications

References 64 publications

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

Predictive coding explains binocular rivalry: An epistemological review

A common contrast pooling rule for suppression within and between the eyes

Temporal structure coding with and without awareness

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