Depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their comorbidity: Implications of adversity amongst young women living in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa

Ndungu, Jane; Ramsoomar, Leane; Willan, Samantha; Washington, Laura; Ngcobo-Sithole, Magnolia; Gibbs, Andrew

doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100022

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Regarding the associated factors, females were 1.63 times more likely to develop PTSD than males. This finding was in agreement with different studies in South Africa ( 39 ), and two different studies in Ethiopia ( 16 , 20 ). This might be because women are more likely than men to experience a lower threshold from exposure to psychotrauma, which increases their chance of developing PTSD ( 26 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This finding also revealed that participants who had witnessed a serious physical injury of a family member or friend were nearly three times more likely to develop PTSD than those who had not witnessed a serious physical injury of a family member or friend. This was supported by the study conducted in Bangladesh (39), and the Wenchuan earthquake in China (42). It is now widely recognized that witnessing traumatic events directly can lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among people who experienced traumatic events in Dessie town, Ethiopia, 2022: A community based study

Anbesaw

Zenebe²,

Asmamaw³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop as a serious long-term consequence of traumatic experiences, even many years after trauma exposure. Dessie town residents have experienced prolonged armed conflict due to inter-communal conflict in 2021. Those people are exposed to different kinds of trauma, and violence, making them more prone to psychological disorders. Despite the highest number of people affected due to conflict and its negative impact on mental health, post-traumatic stress disorders among people are overlooked in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among people who experienced traumatic events in Dessie town, Ethiopia, 2022.Materials and methodsCommunity based cross-sectional study was conducted on May 1–30, 2022, by using a multi-stage cluster sampling with a total sample of 785. Pretested, structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were used for data collection. PTSD was assessed by the Post-traumatic stress disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Data was entered using Epi-data version 3.1 and, then exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. The association between outcome and independent variables was analyzed with bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression. P-values less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultThe prevalence of PTSD among Dessie town residents was found to be 19.4% (95% CI, 16.7, 22.0). In multivariable analysis, being females (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.10–2.44), previous history of mental illness (AOR = 3.14, 95% CI 1.14–7.06) depressive symptoms (AOR = 3.12, 95% CI 1.92–5.07), witnessing a serious physical injury of a family member or friend (AOR = 2.82, 95% CI 1.18–6.70) and high perceived life threats (AOR = 5.73, 95% CI 3.05–10.78) were found to be significant predictors of PTSD.ConclusionThe prevalence of PTSD among Dessie town residents was found to be huge. Being female, having a previous history of mental illness, depressive symptoms, witnessing a serious physical injury of a family member or friend, and high perceived life threats were variables that are independent predictors of PSTD. People who have experienced such a severe traumatic event require psychosocial support to aid in their recovery from the terrible experiences.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among people who experienced traumatic events in Dessie town, Ethiopia, 2022: A community based study

Anbesaw

Zenebe²,

Asmamaw³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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“…In urban slums elsewhere, researchers have described greater prevalence of PTSD among residents of as a result of the adversity experienced within such settings. Mbwayo et al reported a PSTD prevalence of 15.4% among respondents in urban slums in Kenya [ 88 ] while Ndugu et al reported 21% among women in informal settings in South Africa [ 89 ]. A high prevalence of 29 and 20% was also reported among women in low income neighbourhoods in the United States [ 51 , 59 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and factors associated with PTSD among female urban slum dwellers in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Sekoni

Christofides

2021

BMC Public Health

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Background Little is known about the prevalence of and factors associated with PTSD among adult females in Nigeria, particularly those who live in slums. PTSD is a mental health condition that develops among some individuals who experience or witness a traumatic event. Several other factors could place individuals at heightened risk of PTSD including stress and comorbid mental disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and factors associated with PTSD among female urban slum dwellers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods We conducted a cross sectional survey using multistage sampling of 550 women aged 18 and above from selected slums. Interviewer administered questionnaires were used to elicit information on experience of childhood trauma, recent stressors, intimate partner violence, other mental disorders, sociodemographic characteristics and PTSD. PTSD was measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) which is based on DSM IV. A multivariable linear regression model was built to test associations between PTSD and independent variables. Results The prevalence for PTSD was found to be 4.18% and the mean PTSD score was 5.80 ± 7.11. Sexual abuse in childhood, past year intimate partner violence and anxiety were significantly associated with higher PTSD scores. PTSD was not significantly associated with a history of recent stressors. Education, employment and marital status were not associated with PTSD however, age and wealth index showed marginal association with PTSD. Conclusion The prevalence of PTSD among women living in Ibadan slums was relatively low. Both child sexual abuse and intimate partner violence can be prevented. We also recommend longitudinal studies to better understand risk and protective factors.

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“… 56 However, this finding was lower than the studies done in South Africa and the USA. 57 , 58 The possible explanation for this variation could be the socio-economic and socio-cultural differences in the countries. Low-income countries such as Ethiopia are more vulnerable to traumatic events and people are not surprised when something terrible happen to them because they perceive the world as much more dangerous than they expect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Suicidal Behavior, Substance Use, and Sexual Victimization Among Adolescent Girls Aged 10-19 Years Living Under Ethnic-Based Civil War in Ethiopia

Wolde¹,

Dessalegn²

2022

NDT

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Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic, impairing mental disorder that develops after exposure to a traumatic event. Despite many factors putting adolescent girls at risk of PTSD, little is known about the prevalence and how adolescent girls cope with the PTSD burden. So, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PTSD and associated factors among adolescent girls in three selected towns in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 397 adolescent girls from May 27 to July 27, 2021. The participants were selected by a systematic random sampling method. PTSD and substance use disorder were assessed by DSM V criteria for mental disorders. The data was entered into Epi Data Manager Version 4.0.2 before being exported to SPSS Version 25 for analysis. A logistic regression model was used, and variables with a p-value less than 0.05 in the final fitting model were stated as independent predictors of PTSD. Results The prevalence of PTSD among the adolescent girls was 22%, and about three in four (72.7%) of the adolescent girls developed PTSD after exposure to sexual violence. Furthermore, PTSD was associated with Khat use disorder (AOR, 95% CI: 2.79 (1.47–5.30), alcohol use disorder (AOR, 95% CI: 5.27 (2.21–12.60), and suicidal behavior (AOR, 95% CI: 2.12 (1.20–3.74)). Conclusion The prevalence of PTSD was high among adolescent girls, and suicidal ideation or attempt, khat use disorder, and alcohol use disorder were risk factors for PTSD. Therefore, early screening for PTSD and comorbid risk factors among this particular age group and managing accordingly is warranted.

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Depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their comorbidity: Implications of adversity amongst young women living in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa

Cited by 8 publications

References 80 publications

Post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among people who experienced traumatic events in Dessie town, Ethiopia, 2022: A community based study

Post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among people who experienced traumatic events in Dessie town, Ethiopia, 2022: A community based study

Prevalence and factors associated with PTSD among female urban slum dwellers in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Suicidal Behavior, Substance Use, and Sexual Victimization Among Adolescent Girls Aged 10-19 Years Living Under Ethnic-Based Civil War in Ethiopia

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