Depletion of ATP in suspensions of isolated cnidae: A possible role of ATP in the maturation and maintenance of anthozoan cnidae

Hydroid defenses against predators: the importance of secondary metabolites versus nematocysts

“…Implicit in arguments for trade-offs is the idea that antipredator defenses are costly and that the cost of adding additional defenses is outweighed by the benefits of reallocating resources to other functions. Nematocysts are likely to be costly for hydroids to produce given that (1) they are complex intracellular structures comprised largely of protein; (2) they can be used only once; and (3) undischarged nematocysts consume energy in the form of ATP (Greenwood et al 1989). Additionally, there is probably significant cost associated with producing the toxins delivered by nematocysts, since these are usually high molecular weight proteins (Mariscal 1974;Hessinger 1988).…”

Hydroid defenses against predators: the importance of secondary metabolites versus nematocysts

“…Implicit in arguments for trade-offs is the idea that antipredator defenses are costly and that the cost of adding additional defenses is outweighed by the benefits of reallocating resources to other functions. Nematocysts are likely to be costly for hydroids to produce given that (1) they are complex intracellular structures comprised largely of protein; (2) they can be used only once; and (3) undischarged nematocysts consume energy in the form of ATP (Greenwood et al 1989). Additionally, there is probably significant cost associated with producing the toxins delivered by nematocysts, since these are usually high molecular weight proteins (Mariscal 1974;Hessinger 1988).…”

Acquisition and use of nematocysts by cnidarian predators

“…The kleptocnidae remain within the cnidosacs for a period of days or weeks and may receive metabolic support from the nudibranch (Greenwood et al, 1989). Greenwood and Mariscal (1984b) reported that the kleptocnidae in the cnidophages of Spurilla neapolitana had a membrane closely apposed to the nematocyst capsule and we suggested that the membrane might be the original nematocyst membrane.…”

A Functional Biology of Sea Anemones

“…Cnidae, produced by cells called cnidocytes, are capsular organelles ranging from about 10 to 100 Ilm in length and containing a thin, eversible tube (Figure 1.10). ATP is involved in the maturation and maintenance of cnidae, perhaps in the operation of ion-translocating pumps on the membrane of the organelle (Greenwood, Johnson and Mariscal, 1989). ATP is involved in the maturation and maintenance of cnidae, perhaps in the operation of ion-translocating pumps on the membrane of the organelle (Greenwood, Johnson and Mariscal, 1989).…”

“…Day and Harris (1978) suggest that the mechanism for this selectivity involves digestion of the 'nonpreferred' types. The nematocysts complete their development and become functional within the 'host' nudibranch's cells, apparently with the utilization of the host's A TP (Greenwood et at., 1989). Greenwood and Mariscal (1984a, b, c) have shown that Spurilla neapolitana feeding on Condylactis gigantea and H aliplanella lineata incorporates immature nematocysts that are incapable of discharge into its cnidosacs.…”

Hydroid defenses against predators: the importance of secondary metabolites versus nematocysts

“…Implicit in arguments for trade-offs is the idea that antipredator defenses are costly and that the cost of adding additional defenses is outweighed by the benefits of reallocating resources to other functions. Nematocysts are likely to be costly for hydroids to produce given that (1) they are complex intracellular structures comprised largely of protein; (2) they can be used only once; and (3) undischarged nematocysts consume energy in the form of ATP (Greenwood et al 1989). Additionally, there is probably significant cost associated with producing the toxins delivered by nematocysts, since these are usually high molecular weight proteins (Mariscal 1974;Hessinger 1988).…”

Acquisition and use of nematocysts by cnidarian predators

“…The kleptocnidae remain within the cnidosacs for a period of days or weeks and may receive metabolic support from the nudibranch (Greenwood et al, 1989). Greenwood and Mariscal (1984b) reported that the kleptocnidae in the cnidophages of Spurilla neapolitana had a membrane closely apposed to the nematocyst capsule and we suggested that the membrane might be the original nematocyst membrane.…”

A Functional Biology of Sea Anemones

“…Cnidae, produced by cells called cnidocytes, are capsular organelles ranging from about 10 to 100 Ilm in length and containing a thin, eversible tube (Figure 1.10). ATP is involved in the maturation and maintenance of cnidae, perhaps in the operation of ion-translocating pumps on the membrane of the organelle (Greenwood, Johnson and Mariscal, 1989). ATP is involved in the maturation and maintenance of cnidae, perhaps in the operation of ion-translocating pumps on the membrane of the organelle (Greenwood, Johnson and Mariscal, 1989).…”

“…Day and Harris (1978) suggest that the mechanism for this selectivity involves digestion of the 'nonpreferred' types. The nematocysts complete their development and become functional within the 'host' nudibranch's cells, apparently with the utilization of the host's A TP (Greenwood et at., 1989). Greenwood and Mariscal (1984a, b, c) have shown that Spurilla neapolitana feeding on Condylactis gigantea and H aliplanella lineata incorporates immature nematocysts that are incapable of discharge into its cnidosacs.…”

Hydroid defenses against predators: the importance of secondary metabolites versus nematocysts

“…Implicit in arguments for trade-offs is the idea that antipredator defenses are costly and that the cost of adding additional defenses is outweighed by the benefits of reallocating resources to other functions. Nematocysts are likely to be costly for hydroids to produce given that (1) they are complex intracellular structures comprised largely of protein; (2) they can be used only once; and (3) undischarged nematocysts consume energy in the form of ATP (Greenwood et al 1989). Additionally, there is probably significant cost associated with producing the toxins delivered by nematocysts, since these are usually high molecular weight proteins (Mariscal 1974;Hessinger 1988).…”

Acquisition and use of nematocysts by cnidarian predators

“…The kleptocnidae remain within the cnidosacs for a period of days or weeks and may receive metabolic support from the nudibranch (Greenwood et al, 1989). Greenwood and Mariscal (1984b) reported that the kleptocnidae in the cnidophages of Spurilla neapolitana had a membrane closely apposed to the nematocyst capsule and we suggested that the membrane might be the original nematocyst membrane.…”

A Functional Biology of Sea Anemones

“…Cnidae, produced by cells called cnidocytes, are capsular organelles ranging from about 10 to 100 Ilm in length and containing a thin, eversible tube (Figure 1.10). ATP is involved in the maturation and maintenance of cnidae, perhaps in the operation of ion-translocating pumps on the membrane of the organelle (Greenwood, Johnson and Mariscal, 1989). ATP is involved in the maturation and maintenance of cnidae, perhaps in the operation of ion-translocating pumps on the membrane of the organelle (Greenwood, Johnson and Mariscal, 1989).…”

“…Day and Harris (1978) suggest that the mechanism for this selectivity involves digestion of the 'nonpreferred' types. The nematocysts complete their development and become functional within the 'host' nudibranch's cells, apparently with the utilization of the host's A TP (Greenwood et at., 1989). Greenwood and Mariscal (1984a, b, c) have shown that Spurilla neapolitana feeding on Condylactis gigantea and H aliplanella lineata incorporates immature nematocysts that are incapable of discharge into its cnidosacs.…”