Density and Regrowth of a Forest Restio (Ischyrolepis eleocharis) under Harvest and Non-harvest Treatments in Dune Forests of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Ruwanza, Sheunesu; Shackleton, Charlie M.

doi:10.1007/s12231-015-9306-y

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The shift to higher δ 18 O enamel values at Kalemba could also indicate a shift to cooler growing season temperatures which would be necessary for the growth of C 3 grasses (Ehleringer et al, 1997). It is possible that C 4 grasses grew on warmer north-facing slopes and C 3 grasses on cooler south-facing slopes in the Kalemba area, similar to in the Eastern Cape of South Africa today (Cowling, 1983;Ruwanza and Shackleton, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Thinking locally: Environmental reconstruction of Middle and Later Stone Age archaeological sites in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zambia based on ungulate stable isotopes

Robinson

2017

Journal of Human Evolution

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Our knowledge of the Pleistocene environments of Africa consists primarily of data at a scale too coarse to capture the full habitat variation important to hominins 'on the ground.' These environments are complex, highly variable, and poorly understood. As such, data from individual sites are a needed addition to our current paleoenvironmental reconstructions. This study offers a site-based approach focusing on stable isotope analyses of fossil faunal tooth enamel from three archaeological sites in tropical Africa. Carbon and oxygen stable isotope data are reported from the sites of Porc Epic, Ethiopia, Lukenya Hill, Kenya, and Kalemba Rockshelter, Zambia. Stable isotope data from tooth enamel are used to measure two environmental variables: (1) aridity based on oxygen isotope composition and (2) dietary reconstructions of fossil ungulates based on the relative proportions of C browse and C graze in the diet. These data allow for a preliminary assessment of existing models that attempt to explain the behavioral and technological variation characteristic of the transition between the Middle and Later Stone Ages. Results indicate spatial and temporal variation in aridity and phytogeography in tropical Africa during the Pleistocene, suggesting that no single model is likely to provide an explanation for the transition at all sites across Africa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Thinking locally: Environmental reconstruction of Middle and Later Stone Age archaeological sites in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zambia based on ungulate stable isotopes

Robinson

2017

Journal of Human Evolution

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“…A combination of traditional and scientific knowledge can produce efficient results, and this synergy should be used to produce innovative conservation strategies for tropical countries with high biodiversity (Silvius et al 2004). Scientific studies can show that extractive industries are sustainable (Ruwanza and Shackleton 2015); however, without the option to use traditional management practices, scientific study of the resource could not help the artisans of Novo Airão.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For rural people and traditional communities, the extractive practices associated with the use of these resources are often already an integral part of their livelihoods (FOIRN/ISA 2000; Leoni and Costa 2013;Macía and Balslev 2000;Nakazono 2007; Ruwanza and Shackleton 2015;Silva 2004). The right to use these resources and the traditionally occupied territories in which they occur has been legally recognized in Brazil in recent decades, especially in the 1988 Constitution (de Almeida 2008;Shiraishi Neto 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the difficulties in the effective conversion of such resources into environmentally sustainable income are many, especially since recognition and effective participation of communities in the conservation of natural environments has not been addressed by public environmental policies and government programs (PNCSA 2016). The legal recognition of rights to the use of traditional territories is critical to ensure physical and social continuity for these people and their communities (Alcorn 1993;Emperaire and Lescure 2000;Gibson et al 2000;Ruwanza and Shackleton 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unsustainable Management of Arumã (Ischnosiphon polyphyllus [Poepp. & Endl.] Körn.) by the Novo Airão Artisans Association, Rio Negro, Amazon, Brazil1

Nakazono

Magnusson

2016

Econ Bot

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Non-timber forest products (NTFP) represent potentially sustainable economic alternatives for traditional peoples. However, exploiting NTFPs involves challenges, including successful insertion of products into conventional markets, accommodating legal or traditional-use restrictions, and negotiating access to traditionally occupied territories. Some of these restrictions are due to the creation of conservation units.Here we present information on the effects of creation of a conservation unit on the viability of an NTFPextraction initiative by the members of the Artisans Association of Novo Airão (AANA), Amazonas State, Brazilian Amazon. Those artisans make vegetable fiber handicrafts using the leafstalks of arumã (Ischnosiphon polyphyllus -Marantaceae), which is common in seasonally flooded areas near Novo Airão. Conservation areas surround the town of Novo Airão and AANA members are prohibited from harvesting arumã leafstalks in these areas. In 2000, alternative areas for harvesting were suggested by environmental institutes, and management of arumã was concentrated along four rainforest streams close to Novo Airão. Harvest sites were monitored for three years, but there was no increase in growth rate as a result of harvesting, and leafstalk density did not completely recover between samples. High growth rates of arumã leafstalks suitable for handicraft manufacture are found only in areas where people manage the tree cover, but these practices are not permitted by current legislation, even in areas outside conservation units. To obtain arumã using traditionally sustainable methods, AANA requires the right to work and manage forests in protected areas. The lack of regionally appropriate public and environmental policy has resulted in a major impediment to a sustainable and locally run development activity. 1 o crescimento dos talos de arumã nessas áreas indica que não foram renovados completamente em relação à densidade inicial amostrada. Fatores biofísicos, como luminosidade e água são fundamentais para favorecer o adensamento das plantas. Neste caso, é necessário que haja manipulação do meio ambiente para adensar os talos de arumã. E para que isso seja realizado a AANA requer o reconhecimento ao direito de uso dos territórios para que possa realizar estratégias de manejo que sejam adequadas à sua atividade tradicional. A falta de políticas públicas e ambientais adequadas à região acarreta os principais empecilhos para desenvolvimento da atividade.

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“…The perception of negative impacts has led to bans on NTFP harvests which may in fact be sustainable, such as in South Africa where traditional harvest of forest restio (Ischyrolepis eleocharis (Nees ex Mast.) H.P.Linder) was prohibited despite research showing it to be a sustainable activity (Ruwanza and Shackleton 2015). Similarly in Brazil, local people were prohibited from harvesting arumã (Ischnosiphon polyphyllus (Poepp.…”

Section: Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and Ecological Characteristics of an Expanding Natural Resource Industry: Aloe Harvesting in South Africa

et al. 2017

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Melin et al.: Social and ecological characteristics of Aloe harvesting

AbstractSustainable harvesting practices are important for conserving plant species and their habitats; but also the livelihoods of those that depend on them. Aloe ferox, a valuable natural resource harvested for its leaves, is the focus of a recent rural development initiative in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. This has the potential to benefit poor residents through a high value, sustainable, export market. We characterize the social and ecological components of the system, in order to evaluate the potential for effective natural resource management. We interviewed aloe tappers to obtain information on their dependence on the A. ferox industry and harvesting practices. We assessed the harvesting pressure on A. ferox populations, sampling plants at three plots positioned along each of four transects at distances of 1.5 km, 3.45 km, and 7 km from the factory, grouping plants into two size classes: small (height <0.5m) and large (>0.5m). We investigated the influence of proximity to the factory and plant size class on the likelihood and intensity of harvest. The majority of aloe tappers were women, unemployed and in receipt of government welfare grants, and the main reason for harvesting A. ferox was to generate a cash income for their daily needs. Training guidelines did not appear to be followed, with aloe tappers leaving on average 6 leaves, rather than the recommended 18-20 leaves, allowing insufficient time to pass between harvesting episodes and harvesting outside of the prescribed wetter periods. In line with training guidelines aloe tappers were targeting larger plants; however, against recommendations, smaller plants were also regularly harvested. Harvesting pressure decreased with increasing distance from the factory. We discuss requirements to ensure A. ferox is harvested at sustainable levels in the region, particularly in light of a possible regional roll out of the program, and provide recommendations for regulating use and better training.

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Density and Regrowth of a Forest Restio (Ischyrolepis eleocharis) under Harvest and Non-harvest Treatments in Dune Forests of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

Thinking locally: Environmental reconstruction of Middle and Later Stone Age archaeological sites in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zambia based on ungulate stable isotopes

Thinking locally: Environmental reconstruction of Middle and Later Stone Age archaeological sites in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zambia based on ungulate stable isotopes

Unsustainable Management of Arumã (Ischnosiphon polyphyllus [Poepp. & Endl.] Körn.) by the Novo Airão Artisans Association, Rio Negro, Amazon, Brazil1

Social and Ecological Characteristics of an Expanding Natural Resource Industry: Aloe Harvesting in South Africa

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