Demonstration of uniformity of calcium absorption in adult dogs and cats

Mack, J. K.; Alexander, Lucille; Morris, Penelope J.; Dobenecker, Britta; Kienzle, Ellen

doi:10.1111/jpn.12294

Cited by 39 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Given the differences in calcium requirements of dogs and humans, the relatively common occurrence of clinical calcium deficiency in dogs but not in man, and the outcome of the meta‐analysis of Mack et al. (), we hypothesise that dogs will not effectively increase calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract when challenged with a low dietary calcium intake. The National Research Council (NRC) () defines the minimal requirements of a nutrient as requirement of bioavailable nutrient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A previous meta‐analysis of digestion trials in dogs suggested that true digestibility of calcium does not notably increase when calcium intake is below requirements (Mack, Alexander, Morris, Dobenecker, & Kienzle, ). Given the differences in calcium requirements of dogs and humans, the relatively common occurrence of clinical calcium deficiency in dogs but not in man, and the outcome of the meta‐analysis of Mack et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the studies included in the meta‐analysis of Mack et al. () were mostly short‐term experiments lasting only a few weeks, it is possible that dogs may be slow to adapt to changes in calcium availability, and only increase their quantitative calcium absorption during longer periods of low calcium intake. Therefore, to determine this, we maintained calcium supply according to minimal requirements of National Research Council (NRC) () for a period of 28 weeks, with repeated assessment of calcium digestibility and balance during this period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Faecal calcium excretion does not decrease during long‐term feeding of a low‐calcium diet in adult dogs

Schmitt

Mack

Kienzle

et al. 2017

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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According to a previous meta-analysis, adult dogs do not notably increase calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract when calcium intake is decreased. This results in a negative calcium balance even with a moderate calcium reduction. In this study we wanted to verify (i) whether a negative calcium balance occurs at a calcium intake equivalent to NRC (2006) (Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats, 2006, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC) minimal requirements, and if so (ii) whether the negative calcium balance will persist for up to 6 months on a low-calcium diet. After a pre-feeding period of at least 18 weeks with calcium intake slightly exceeding maintenance requirements (200 mg/kg body weight ), 12 dogs (6 Beagles, 6 Foxhound crossbreds) were fed a low-calcium diet for 28 weeks. One dog was removed from the trial for reasons unrelated to the study at week 23. Calcium intake amounted to 60 mg/kg body weight corresponding to the minimal requirement for maintenance in dogs (NRC, 2006 (Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats, 2006, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC)). Digestion trials were carried out at week 7, 14, 21 and 28 of the low calcium feeding period. At these time points, and at week 18 of the pre-trial, blood samples were taken and analysed for calcium, ionised calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, serum crosslaps and bone alkaline phosphatase. Apparent calcium digestibility was negative throughout the study, suggesting a negative calcium balance. There was no systematic decrease in faecal calcium excretion. Serum calcium, ionised calcium and phosphorus remained within the reference range. Serum crosslaps increased continuously from baseline to week 28 of trial, with averages increasing from 0.102 ng/ml to 0.279 ng/ml, suggesting osteoclastic activity, indicative of calcium mobilisation from the skeleton. The study supports the theory of a lack of adaptation of intestinal calcium absorption from diets with relatively low calcium content in dogs. This agrees with clinical findings in dogs eating low-calcium diet.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Faecal calcium excretion does not decrease during long‐term feeding of a low‐calcium diet in adult dogs

Schmitt

Mack

Kienzle

et al. 2017

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…In a meta‐analysis on calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) intake vs. faecal excretion in dogs and cats, Mack, Alexander, Morris, Dobenecker, and Kienzle () observed a close linear relationship between faecal Ca and P excretion ( R ² = .94 in dogs), regardless of the Ca/P ratio and the source of Ca and P in the food. A possible explanation could be the formation of insoluble Ca/P complexes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative meta‐analysis on the relationship of faecal calcium and phosphorus excretion in mammals

Böswald

Dobenecker

Clauss

et al. 2017

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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SummaryTo investigate the relationship between faecal calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) excretion in different mammalian species, a meta-analysis on digestibility data derived from the literature was conducted. Seventy-three studies on carnivores, omnivores, large and small hindgut fermenters, ruminants and hippos (a total of 21 mammalian species, precondition for inclusion dietary Ca/P ratio 1.5/1 -3.0/1) were analysed for Ca and P digestibility. Dietary Ca/P ratios were lower than faecal Ca/P ratios in carnivores, omnivores, ruminants and hippos. In hindgut fermenters, dietary Ca/P ratios were higher than faecal Ca/P ratios, indicating higher intestinal Ca absorption in these species. In all species investigated, there was a significant positive relationship between Ca intake and faecal Ca excretion and between P intake and faecal P excretion. In the biologically relevant range, these equations predicted lower faecal Ca losses in hindgut fermenters than ruminants, for faecal P vice versa. In all species, faecal Ca and P excretion correlated significantly. In carnivores, this highly linear correlation was exceptionally strong (R² = .92). Yet, the linearity of the correlation was questionable in omnivores and ruminants. Possibly, the strong linear correlation of faecal Ca and P excretion in carnivores is due to the formation of insoluble Ca/P complexes in their relatively short and simple gastrointestinal tract. Another hypothesis is that in carnivores, Ca homeostasis relies on modifying bone turnover to a higher degree than on changes in intestinal Ca absorption. For the formation of bone matrix, a constant ratio of Ca and P absorption is of advantage. K E Y W O R D Sbone turnover, calcium, comparative, digestibility, phosphorus | INTRODUCTIONIn a meta-analysis on calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) intake vs. faecal excretion in dogs and cats, Mack, Alexander, Morris, Dobenecker, and Kienzle (2015) observed a close linear relationship between faecal Ca and P excretion (R² = .94 in dogs), regardless of the Ca/P ratio and the source of Ca and P in the food. A possible explanation could be the formation of insoluble Ca/P complexes. Whether similar close relationships can be observed in mammalian species other than domestic carnivores has, to our knowledge, not been investigated. A comparative investigation of the relationship between faecal Ca and P excretion may help to understand differences and similarities between species. One hypothesis is that the regression equation of faecal Ca and P excretion reflects the intestinal formation of insoluble Ca/P complexes. In chickens, a constant ratio of intestinal Ca/P has been found (Hurwitz & Bar, 1971) and interpreted as the formation of insoluble Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (Humer, Schwarz, & Schedle, 2015). The atomic weight ratio of Ca to P in this complex is 2 to 1, which should be represented in the regression equation of faecal Ca and P excretion if the complex actually is a major determinant of mineral excretion.Another assumption is that microbial activity in the gastrointestina...

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“…The NRC discusses many uncertainties in the bioavailability of Ca in dogs ( 3 ) . A recent meta-analysis ( 4 ) plotted literature data on Ca intake against faecal Ca excretion in adult dogs in a modified Lukas test. The relationship between intake and faecal excretion showed a remarkable uniformity, a result which does not suggest a pronounced high variability of Ca availability.…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of faecal DM excretion on faecal calcium losses in dogs eating complete moist and dry pet foods – food digestibility is a major determinant of calcium requirements

Kienzle

Brenten²,

Dobenecker

2017

J Nutr Sci

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The recommendations for the Ca supply for maintenance of dogs have been reduced by about 75 % in the last decades. An important factor for Ca requirements is faecal Ca losses. In previous studies with experimental diets faecal Ca losses depended on Ca intake and on faecal DM excretion. A predictive equation for faecal Ca losses in mg/kg body weight (BW) developed in a fibre model is: faecal losses = −33·8 + (13·6 faecal DM excretion (g/kg BW)) + (0·78 Ca intake (mg/kg BW)). The present study aimed at testing this equation in pet food with material from trials carried out for other purposes. Digestion trials with twenty-five dry and fifteen moist foods (326 observations in total) were evaluated retrospectively. Faecal DM excretion and faecal Ca losses were significantly correlated (r2 0·86; P < 0·001). There was a highly significant correlation (r2 0·87; P < 0·001) between the experimentally determined faecal Ca excretion and the faecal Ca excretion predicted by the equation of Kienzle et al. The data from the previous fibre model study could be transferred to prepared moist and dry dog food. Faecal DM excretion has a considerable impact on faecal Ca losses in a practical feeding situation. In conclusion, Ca requirements for maintenance may vary with food DM intake and digestibility.

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Demonstration of uniformity of calcium absorption in adult dogs and cats

Cited by 39 publications

References 34 publications

Faecal calcium excretion does not decrease during long‐term feeding of a low‐calcium diet in adult dogs

Faecal calcium excretion does not decrease during long‐term feeding of a low‐calcium diet in adult dogs

A comparative meta‐analysis on the relationship of faecal calcium and phosphorus excretion in mammals

Impact of faecal DM excretion on faecal calcium losses in dogs eating complete moist and dry pet foods – food digestibility is a major determinant of calcium requirements

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