Demonstration of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell as an Auxiliary Power Source for Heavy Trucks

Brodrick, Christie-Joy; Farshchi, Mohammad; Dwyer, H. A.; Gouse, S. William; Martin, Jonathan; Mayenburg, Michael von

doi:10.4271/2000-01-3488

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…For the ~458,000 line-haul trucks in the United States, which may idle overnight, 1 limited evidence suggests the amount of these emissions that occur during idling may be significant. 2 Idling is also fuel-inefficient. It was found that during idling, the engine is only 3-11% efficient compared with the greater than 30% efficiency achieved in highway operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Engine Speed and Accessory Load on Idling Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Engines

Brodrick

Dwyer

Farshchi

et al. 2002

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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A nontrivial portion of heavy-duty vehicle emissions of NOx and particulate matter (PM) occurs during idling. Regulators and the environmental community are interested in curtailing truck idling emissions, but current emissions models do not characterize them accurately, and little quantitative data exist to evaluate the relative effectiveness of various policies. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effect of accessory loading and engine speed on idling emissions from a properly functioning, modern, heavy-duty diesel truck and to compare these results with data from earlier model year vehicles. It was found that emissions during idling varied greatly as a function of engine model year, engine speed, and accessory load conditions. For the 1999 model year Class 8 truck tested, raising the engine speed from 600 to 1050 rpm and turning on the air conditioning resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in NOx emissions in grams per hour, a 2-fold increase in CO2 emissions, and a 5-fold increase in CO emissions while idling. On a grams per gallon fuel basis, NOx emissions while idling were approximately twice as high as those at 55 mph. The CO2 emissions at the two conditions were closer. The NOx emissions from the 1999 truck while idling with air conditioning running were slightly more than those of two 1990 model year trucks under equivalent conditions, and the hydrocarbon (HC) and CO emissions were significantly lower. It was found that the NOx emissions used in the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) EMFAC2000 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) MOBILE5b emissions inventory models were lower than those measured in all of the idling conditions tested on the 1999 truck.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Engine Speed and Accessory Load on Idling Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Engines

Brodrick

Dwyer

Farshchi

et al. 2002

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…For example, raising the engine speed from 600 to 1050 revolutions per minute (rpm) and turning on the air conditioning resulted in an increase in NO x emissions of 2.5 times and an increase in CO emissions. HC emissions increases were unavailable due to analyzer failure (Brodrick et al, 2000).…”

Section: Emissions and Fuel Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To reduce idling by the large traction motor, several alternative technologies are available, including battery packs, auxiliary generators, direct-fired heaters, and a thermal storage system, but all have had limited their market acceptance (Brodrick et al, 2000). Truckers report that using battery power overnight puts too much stress on the vehicle's batteries, leading to shortened battery life and high replacement costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We explore a range of fuel cell architectures for truck auxiliary power applications and the costs associated with each. Some of the data and much of the insight for this paper are drawn from an associated engineering project in which a hydrogen-fueled proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell was installed in a Freightliner LLC demonstration vehicle (Brodrick et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of fuel cell auxiliary power units for heavy-duty diesel trucks

Brodrick

Lipman

Farshchi

et al. 2002

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

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A large number of heavy-duty trucks idle a significant amount. Heavy-duty line-haul truck engines idle about 20-40% of the time the engine is running, depending on season and operation. Drivers idle engines to power climate control devices (e.g., heaters and air conditioners) and sleeper compartment accessories (e.g., refrigerators, microwave ovens, and televisions) and to avoid start-up problems in cold weather. Idling increases air pollution and energy use, as well as wear and tear on engines. Efforts to reduce truck idling in the US have been sporadic, in part because it is widely viewed in the trucking industry that further idling restrictions would unduly compromise driver comfort and truck operations. The auxiliary power units (APUs) available to replace the idling of the diesel traction engine all have had limited trucking industry acceptance. Fuel cells are a promising APU technology. Fuel cell APUs have the potential to greatly reduce emissions and energy use and save money. In this paper, we estimate costs and benefits of fuel cell APUs. We calculate the payback period for fuel cell APUs to be about 2.6-4.5 years. This estimate is uncertain since future fuel cell costs are unknown and cost savings from idling vary greatly across the truck fleet. The payback period is particularly sensitive to diesel fuel consumption at idle. Given the large potential environmental and economic benefits of fuel cell APUs, the first major commercial application of fuel cells may be as truck APUs. Ó

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“…Nevertheless, there is an increasing need for on-board electric energy in both commercial and military trucks in order to supply the required power for electric accessories used during the so-called "silent-watch". To eliminate the need for excessive near-idle engine operation and overcome the energy density and capacity disadvantages of batteries, while fully exploiting the benefits of the hybrid-hydraulic configurations, fuel cells (FC) are considered as auxiliary power units (APUs) enabling electrification of powertrain components [3][4][5][6][7]. A recent simulation-based analysis demonstrated that using a fuel cell APU can improve fuel economy up to 10% while driving and almost six times while at standstill, during the silent watch (relative to using a diesel engine only) [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Under Uncertainty and Assessment of Performance Reliability of a Dual-Use Medium Truck with Hydraulic-Hybrid Powertrain and Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit

Kokkolaras

Filipi

Stefanopoulou

et al. 2005

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Medium trucks constitute a large market segment of the commercial transportation sector, and are also used widely for military tactical operations. Recent technological advances in hybrid powertrains and fuel cell auxiliary power units have enabled design alternatives that can improve fuel economy and reduce emissions dramatically. However, deterministic design optimization of these configurations may yield designs that are optimal with respect to performance but raise concerns regarding the reliability of achieving that performance over lifetime. In this article we identify and quantify uncertainties due to modeling approximations or incomplete information. We then model their propagation using Monte Carlo simulation and perform sensitivity analysis to isolate statistically significant uncertainties. Finally, we formulate and solve a series of reliabilitybased optimization problems and quantify tradeoffs between optimality and reliability. The most relevant design parameters of the diesel engine, fuel cell, driveline and vehicle are considered. The results demonstrate the necessity for addressing uncertainty to make valid assessments and design decisions.

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Demonstration of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell as an Auxiliary Power Source for Heavy Trucks

Cited by 23 publications

References 1 publication

Effects of Engine Speed and Accessory Load on Idling Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Engines

Effects of Engine Speed and Accessory Load on Idling Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Engines

Evaluation of fuel cell auxiliary power units for heavy-duty diesel trucks

Design Under Uncertainty and Assessment of Performance Reliability of a Dual-Use Medium Truck with Hydraulic-Hybrid Powertrain and Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit

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