Delayed Borate Crosslinked Fluids Minimize Pipe Friction Pressure

Tan, H.C.; Wesselowski, K.S.; Willingham, J.D.

doi:10.2523/24342-ms

Cited by 3 publications

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“…High viscosity can have high proppant carrying capacity. Borate cross linker is one of the most commonly used one, including boric acid, calcium, magnesium and organic borate [15][16][17]. At around pH value of 8.2, borate ions will form a 3 dimensional network with the cis-hydroxyl sites in the polymer, thus further increase the viscosity of fracturing fluids.…”

Section: Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights of Formation Damage Caused by Borate Crosslinker Fracturing Fluids

Xiao¹,

Wang²,

Sun³

2017

Oil Gas Res

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Hydraulic fracturing has substantially increased the productivity of unconventional reservoirs. The most widely used one is the cross-linked fracturing fluids. Therefore this study analyzed the formation damage issues caused by borate cross-linked fracturing fluids. Results shows that permeability of formation and proppant pack conductivity are greatly affected by reside left behind. The unbroken polymer chains may be cross-linked again if favor conditions present. The residue will ultimately reduce the conductivity of sand pack and only a small amount of guar residue can be displaced with production. To minimize the formation damage problems caused by polymer residue, the concentration of breaker needs to be the optimum value. To help analyze the degradation extent of fracturing fluids, flow-back fluids can be analyzed through various chemical analysis methods, taking into account the dilution effect of produced water.

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Section: Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights of Formation Damage Caused by Borate Crosslinker Fracturing Fluids

Xiao¹,

Wang²,

Sun³

2017

Oil Gas Res

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The Influence of Fluid Properties on the Success of Hydraulic Fracturing Operations

Power¹

1994

SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference

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HydroxyprOpylguar based fluids are the most commonly used fluids for hydraulic fracturing. Through the addition of borate ions the polymer present in the fluid can crosslink to form a high viscosity gel. Prior to placement in the fracture the fluid is required to have a low viscosity to minimise friction losses in the tubular goods. A high viscosity fluid is required in the fracture for several reasons, primarily to suspend the proppant and to minimise fluid loss into the formation. This paper describes a new method which can be used to model the gelation reaction of crosslinking fluids. By modelling the dynamic properties of the fluid it is possible to predict the physical state of the fluid at any time during a fracturing treatment. Small amplitude oscillatory measurements are applied to fluid samples in a cone-and-plate geometry. The change in the dynamic properties with time can be fitted to a simple model which can then be used to determine the gel time for th6 fluid. Methods used to distinguish between the liquid and gel state are also discussed.

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Analysis of Measured Bottomhole Treating Pressures During Fracturing: Do Not Believe Those Calculated Bottomhole Pressures

Keck

Reiter

Lynch

et al. 2000

SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition

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This paper presents the analysis of measured bottom hole pressure data for 45 hydraulic fracture treatments pumped in Alaska and California in the past three years. On 30 of these wells, bottom hole data was obtained from memory gauges deployed on the tubing or in side-pocket mandrels, while the other 15 wells had reflected pressure up an open annulus. The fluid systems were either delayed borate guars, or linear gel HECs. The paper starts with a comparison of these measurements with the Keck et al4 correlation. The results show that there are large systematic errors both in the magnitude and trends of the correlation. We illustrate the effects these errors have on net pressure analysis and on the success of executing these tip screen out treatments. The data also shows an unexpected transient effect in almost all the wells, whereby changes in surface pressure of 100's to 1000's of psi are found to change the bottom hole pressure by 10's or 100's of psi, respectively. We speculate on possible causes for this phenomenon, but conclude that additional work is needed for accurate predictions of bottom hole pressures during fracturing treatments. Introduction Accurate methods to predict bottom hole treating pressures of hydraulic fracturing treatments have long been hoped for in our industry, but still do not exist. Bottom hole pressures drive mini-frac analysis, net pressure analysis, history-matching with models, and so the stakes for accurate bottom hole values are quite high. Given that measuring bottom hole pressures in real time is quite costly, and therefore is rarely routinely performed, we rely on calculated values from correlations. Since the first use of polymer based fluids, the industry has recognized that accurate predictions are complicated by two fundamental problems. First, even non-crosslinked linear gels are highly viscoelastic, showing drag reducing properties in turbulent flow that we take advantage of to lower friction losses. No theory, however, exists that allows scale-up of small sized laboratory test results to field sized tubulars, and so we are forced to use correlations that try to extrapolate from limited data. The second problem is that the addition of proppant to these fluids further distances us from theoretical calculations and moves us more into reliance on correlations. A comprehensive review of the literature in this area is beyond the scope of this paper, and the reader interested in works published before 1990 might start with the SPE monograph by Gidley et al.1 or the review text by Economides and Nolte2. Since then, there have been several studies on friction pressures of water-based fracturing fluids, including, for example, linear gel friction pressures (Shah3, Keck et al.4), delayed borate fluid systems (Tan5), laboratory studies on proppant effects (Shah and Lee6, Keck et al.4), and field studies (Jennnings7, Bilden8).

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Delayed Borate Crosslinked Fluids Minimize Pipe Friction Pressure

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

New Insights of Formation Damage Caused by Borate Crosslinker Fracturing Fluids

New Insights of Formation Damage Caused by Borate Crosslinker Fracturing Fluids

The Influence of Fluid Properties on the Success of Hydraulic Fracturing Operations

Analysis of Measured Bottomhole Treating Pressures During Fracturing: Do Not Believe Those Calculated Bottomhole Pressures

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