“…Most existing nanostructure upconversion studies suggest the involvement of real, defect-related intermediate states that are relatively "dark" (i.e., low oscillator strength) in absorption. This includes work on TiO 2 53,54 , CdS [55][56][57] , CdSe [58][59][60][61][62] , CdTe 59,[63][64][65][66] , InP 55,58 , PbS 67 , Ag 2 S 68 , and CsPbBrI 2 NCs 69 . A few suggest the involvement of virtual intermediate states, especially when two-photon upconversion has been claimed (e.g., in CdS 70 and CdTe 71 NCs).…”