Decoupling: theory and practice II. State of the art:in vivo applications of decoupling

Band inversion amplifies31P-31P nuclear overhauser effects: Relaxation mechanism and dynamic behavior of ATP in the human brain by31P MRS at 7 T

“…Finally, it remains to be seen whether the dynamic behavior of ATP molecules is related to cellular activities of ATPase and creatine kinase. It would be helpful to measure τ c and k ex of ATP using a further improved strategy that is suitable for measurements at rest and under stimulation toward wider applications .…”

Cardiac High-Energy Phosphate Metabolism Alters with Age as Studied in 196 Healthy Males with the Help of 31-Phosphorus 2-Dimensional Chemical Shift Imaging

“…Therefore, we could only measure the antero-septal area of the myocardium. According to previous cardiac 31P MRS studies, we corrected our spectroscopic data for T1 saturation effects caused by variations in repetition times due to ECG gating, for the NOE enhancement and for the blood contamination assuming that T1 relaxation times and NOE enhancement factors were not age-dependent [51]–[53]. For the evaluation of the cardiac HEP metabolism, we formed the ratio between PCr and β-ATP, which is an established physiological marker [54].…”

Interleaved and simultaneous multi‐nuclear magnetic resonance in vivo. Review of principles, applications and potential

“…Signal enhancement of low-sensitivity nuclei, such as 13 C, 15 N, 19 F or 31 P, can be achieved by exploiting the heteronuclear spin-spin or dipolar coupling interactions with 1 H nuclei by means of nOe, 96,97 polarization transfer [98][99][100] or 1 H decoupling. 97 Although these methods can be applied without simultaneous or interleaved multi-nuclear signal reception and are therefore not per se the core topic of this review, they are closely F I G U R E 3 Examples of multiparametric functional NMR studies performed in a patient with mitochondrial diabetes (A) and another with peripheral artery disease (B).…”

“…Signal enhancement of low-sensitivity nuclei, such as 13 C, 15 N, 19 F or 31 P, can be achieved by exploiting the heteronuclear spin-spin or dipolar coupling interactions with 1 H nuclei by means of nOe, 96,97 polarization transfer [98][99][100] or 1 H decoupling. 97 Although these methods can be applied without simultaneous or interleaved multi-nuclear signal reception and are therefore not per se the core topic of this review, they are closely F I G U R E 3 Examples of multiparametric functional NMR studies performed in a patient with mitochondrial diabetes (A) and another with peripheral artery disease (B). After a plantar flexion ischaemic bout, time curves of calf muscle perfusion (top), Mb resaturation (middle) and creatine rephosphorylation (bottom) were simultaneously monitored by interleaving ASL imaging and 1 H and 31 P NMR spectroscopy, respectively.…”

“…The nOe originates from the dipole interactions with the saturated 1 H nuclei, with the effective enhancement value depending on numerous experimental aspects including magnetic field strength, 1 H irradiation intensity, biological tissue type and physiological state. 96,97 The application of 1 H decoupling, typically achieved using a WALTZ scheme 101 during the X-nuclei read-out, collapses the split peaks of coupled resonances into singlets, greatly improving the sensitivity and simplifying spectral fitting. Decoupling pulses generate nOe by themselves but additional irradiation can be applied to achieve full nOe.…”