“…Among these are impedance measurements ͑Nassos and Bankoff; 12 Serizawa et al 13 ͒, the capacitive method ͑Gunn and Al-Doori 14 ͒, hot wire technique ͑Bremhorst and Gilmore 15 ͒, temperature measurements ͑Delhaye et al 16 ͒ and optical techniques ͑Abuaf et al, 17 Cartellier and Achard 18 ͒. In the recent past, new nonintrusive techniques have appeared: X-ray scattering techniques ͑Han and Wesser 19 ͒, nuclear magnetic resonance ͑Javelot et al 20 ͒, and the grating velocimeter-granulometer ͑Cartellier 21 ͒. Their use is limited at present to particular experiments considering their cost and their restricted application field.…”