Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Titanium and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Human Cell Lines

Abstract

Objective: In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of titanium dioxide, 20 nm (TNP 20) and zinc oxide, 20 nm (ZNP 20) nanoparticles (NP) were tested on different types of human skin (HaCat), lung (A549), liver (Hep G2) and colon (Caco-2) cell cultures in relevance to human risk assessment Methods:The different concentrations of test TNP 20 and ZNP 20 1-300 µg/ml were exposed to determine the cell viability reduction on four human cell lines after 48 h post exposure using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The mitochondrial membrane activities of the viable cells were determined with intensity of formazon formation by interpreting ELISA absorbance values at 470 nm. Results:The percent of cytotoxicity was determined by comparing percentage of cell viability reduction of test with that of control. The ZNP 20 produced higher cytotoxicity at the doses 100 (p<0.05) and 300 (p<0.001) µg/ml significantly on tested four human skin (HaCaT), lung (A549), liver (Hep G2) and colon (Caco-2) cells compared to TNP 20. The tested NP induced lesser cytotoxicity at lower concentrations with 1 and 3µg/ml in all the tested four cell lines. The induced cytotoxicity was an indicator for increased intracellular reactive oxygen species which further cause's major cell damage and cell death. Conclusion:The tested NP were induced greater cytotoxicity in the colon, Liver, lung and skin cells at higher concentrations 100 and 300 µg/ml significantly. The cytotoxicity order of TNP 20 and ZNP 20 at the highest dose (300µg/ml) were concluded as Caco-2>Hep G2>A549>HaCaT for 48 h post exposed cells.

Neurotoxic Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Biochemical and Pathological Approach in Male Wistar Rats

“…TiO2 NPs is one of the most widely applied engineered nanoparticles in the nanotechnology field, where it is consequently used in paints, paper, plastics, ceramics, toothpaste, food colorants, drug capsule, catalysts and wastewater treatment [1,2]. The yearly production of TiO2 NPs in 2002 was approximately 3,000 tons per annum, and is estimated to increase to 2.5 million metric tons annually by 2025 [3].…”

“…The unique characteristics of TiO2 particle is that it can enter the human body quickly and then imposes potential health risks on human [6,7]. The adverse toxic effects of TiO2 NPs have been studied in several animal models like rats, mice, rabbits and human following exposure by multiple routes of administration, including whole-body exposure, dermal exposure, gastric lavage, and inhalation [1,2,8,9]. Few studies reported that inhaled or injected nanoparticles enter the systemic circulation and migrate to various parts to exert adverse effects [10,11].…”

Behaviour of Titanium Dioxide Particles in Artificial Body Fluids and Human Blood Plasma

“…Several studies on the cytotoxicity of commercial TiO 2 NPs have been performed on different cell types but reported inconsistent results [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ]. Differences in the cytotoxic effects of TiO 2 NPs in these published studies may be the result of several factors such as the type of TiO 2 NP, the type of cells used, the concentration of the tested range, etc.…”

“…These differences may have arisen from the different physicochemical properties of the tested samples, whether these were the particle size or surface chemistry of the particles. Several studies on the cytotoxicity of commercial TiO2 NPs have been performed on different cell types but reported inconsistent results [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. Differences in the cytotoxic effects of TiO2 NPs in these published studies may be the result of several factors such as the type of TiO2 NP, the type of cells used, the concentration of the tested range, etc.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Sa-Pa-Lsa/C-30b/Ag Nanocomposites for Swelling, Antibacterial, Drug Delivery, and Anticancer Applications

“…The effect of test nanocomposite hydrogel materials on the cellular proliferation and viability was determined using MTT assay method [69]. The biocompatibility of the prepared gels was determined by the following standard protocol with slight modifications [65].…”