Cytokine Profile in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Following Exercise: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most prevalent causes of nontraumatic neurological impairment in young adults. This review aims to determine the impact of exercise on cytokine and adipokine profile levels as inflammatory markers in MS patients across various exercise paradigms. We used specific keywords in PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Scopus to find randomized clinical trials addressing the effects of physical activity and exercise training on inflammatory markers levels in MS patients. The majority of the research showed no considerable changes in IL-6 levels, while three studies reported declining levels after the intervention. Approximately half of the trials observed a change in TNF-α and IL-10 levels after exercise interventions, while the other half showed no meaningful changes. Other markers such as IL-17, IL-4, IL-12, adipokines, and BDNF showed fluctuations in levels. We found no universal agreement on the effects of different exercise training protocols on the serum level of inflammatory markers in patients with MS. More research is needed to fully identify the effects of exercise on cytokines in MS patients.

Multiple sclerosis and exercise—A disease-modifying intervention of mice or men?

“…Of the five studies that started the exercise intervention after induction of EAE, three began the exercise programme on day 1 (prior to the animals developing clinical signs of disease) ( 53 , 61 , 62 ) and two had subgroups that began exercise at the point the animals developed clinical signs of disease (day 12 and day 18) ( 16 , 23 ). (B) Summary of 117 studies from eleven meta-analyses assessing the impact of exercise interventions on clinical and immunological measures in pwMS ( 30 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 50 , 51 , 68 – 72 ). Study participants had a median disease duration of 8.8 years.…”

“… Disease duration (A) and EDSS (B) of MS participants from 166 different exercise intervention studies that were summarized in 11 meta-analyses ( 30 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 50 , 51 , 68 – 72 ). Disease duration and EDSS are reported as median (years), and interquartile range.…”

“…Disease duration and EDSS are reported as median (years), and interquartile range. Immune markers: Disease duration 8.4 (5.8–12), EDSS 3 (2.1–3.9) ( 35 , 72 ); Aerobic capacity: Disease duration 11 (6.8–13), EDSS 2.6 (2–3.3) ( 31 ); Fatigue: Disease duration 9.6 (6–13), EDSS 3.8 (3–5) ( 50 ); General health perception and quality of life (QoL): Disease duration 11 (8.5–13), EDSS 3.1 (2.7–4) ( 34 , 51 , 70 );Participation and cognition: Disease duration 19 (12–25), EDSS 5.6 (4.5–5.9) ( 68 , 71 ); Lower limb function: Disease duration 8.1 (5–11), EDSS 2.9 (2.4–4) ( 69 ); Upper limb function: Disease duration 9.3 (6.6–13), EDSS, 3.7 (2.9–5.1) ( 30 ); Summary: Disease duration of overall cohort (from 117 separate studies) 8.8 (6.2–11), EDSS of overall cohort (from 166 separate studies) 2.7 (2–3.5).…”

Effects of Tele-Pilates and Tele-Yoga on Biochemicals, Physical, and Psychological Parameters of Females with Multiple Sclerosis

“…Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, disabling neurological disorder that reports a 3:1 ratio in the prevalence of females to males [ 1 ]. Physical function problems, psychological or mood disturbances, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) dysfunction, and a sexual hormone secretion disorder are all symptoms and signs of MS [ 2 , 3 ].…”

“…Physical function problems, psychological or mood disturbances, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) dysfunction, and a sexual hormone secretion disorder are all symptoms and signs of MS [ 2 , 3 ]. Although the etiology of MS is unknown [ 1 ], genetic factors, hormones, and/or HPA dysfunctions have been implicated in controlling the progression of autoimmune diseases [ 4 , 5 ]. Additionally, sex and stress hormones, including prolactin and cortisol, presumably have complicated mechanisms of function in MS disease [ 6 ].…”