Cypermethrin induced stress and changes in growth of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus

Abstract

Bioassays were conducted with technical grade and commercial formulation of cypermethrin using freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus as the test fish. The technical grade cypermethrin contained 92% active ingredient (a.i.) and the commercial formulation was an emulsified concentrate (EC) containing 10% a.i. (10% EC). Based on the actual concentration in water (2 h), the commercial formulation was found to be more acutely toxic to O. niloticus (96-h LC 50 = 4.85 lg/L) than the technical grade cypermethrin (96-h LC 50 = 9.74 lg/L). Exposure to sub-lethal concentrations (1.25, 2.5 lg/L) of commercial cypermethrin for 96 h produced stress on the fish, which was evident from the reduction of hepatic glycogen, reduction in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and catalase in liver and elevation of plasma glucose level and activities of hepatic acid phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Exposure to these concentrations of cypermethrin for 14-28 days produced anaemia in fish. Long-term exposure (90 days) of the fish to these concentrations reduced the growth and deposition of protein and lipid in the body of fish as compared to control.It is concluded from this study that even minute concentration (1.25 lg/L) of cypermethrin (10% EC) in water can produce stress on fish. Long term exposure to such concentration of cypermethrin may also affect growth of the fish.

Effects of ultraviolet photooxidation of cypermethrin on the activities of phosphatases and digestive enzymes, and intestinal histopathology in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

“…In the present study, the results showed that exposure to cypermethrin resulted in a significant decrease in the activities of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. These results were consistent with the results from similar studies with fish, which also reported a decrease in the activity of both enzymes following exposure to cypermethrin (Majumder & Kaviraj, 2017;Vasantharaja, Pugazhendy, & Meennambal, 2014). The decreased activity of these enzymes may be an indication that cypermethrin elicits its toxic effects in fish through membrane damage F I G U R E 2 Photomicrograph of the small intestine for the control group (a) showing normal histoarchitecture with intact mucosa (m), submucosa (sm), muscle layer (ml), goblet cells (G), villi (red arrows), and intestinal crypts containing intestinal glands (black arrow) surrounded by lamina propria.…”

Combinations of cypermethrin and dimethoate alter behavior, hematology and histology of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus

“…Significant decreases in the RBC, HB, PVC, MCHC, MCH and MCV of toxicant-exposed fish compared to the control in concentration dependent manner could be attributed to anemia. Decline in RBC, MCHC, MCH and MCV suggests stress-induced erythropenia probably caused by hemolysis, inhibition of erythropoiesis and, pathological damage to some tissues and hematopoietic organs as reported by Dogan and Can [8], Akinrotimi et al [36], Majumder and Kaviraj [37] and Özok et al [1]. These are similar to hematological toxicity of endosulfan and phosphamidon on Barbus conchonius [38], diazinon on C. carpio [2], dimethoate on O. mykiss [8] and C. batrachus [35], glyphosate on C. gariepinus [15] and cypermethrin on O. mykiss [2].…”

“…However, Velisek et al [2] reported that a higher concentration of 3.4 µg/L of cypermethrin had no effect on the WBC of O. mykiss. Dogan and Can [8] and Ghayyur et al [20] observed reduction in the WBC of O. mykiss and Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to dimethoate, while Majumder and Kaviraj [37] and Amaeze et al [24] observed increase in WBC of Oreochromis niloticus and C. gariepinus exposed to cypermethrin. Narra [35] suggested that in the presence of toxicants, leucopoiesis may increase thus elevating WBC.…”

Effects of dietary black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) oil on growth performance, hemato‐biochemical and histopathology of cypermethrin‐intoxicated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

“…In addition to their use in agriculture, pesticides have started to be used in urban and industrial activities, which has led to a continuous increase in pesticide accumulation in aquatic ecosystems (Syafrudin et al, 2021). Rivers, lakes, and ponds are constantly exposed to pesticides through runoff as pesticides dissolve, making fish and aquatic organisms susceptible to the toxic effects of these pesticides (Majumder & Kaviraj, 2022). Cypermethrin is one of the most widely used pesticides worldwide (Ullah et al, 2018).…”