Cyclo- and Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Cyclic and polyphosphazenes are extremely interesting and versatile substrates characterized by the presence of -P=N- repeating units. The chlorine atoms on the P atoms in the starting materials can be easily substituted with a variety of organic substituents, thus giving rise to a huge number of new materials for industrial applications. Their properties can be designed considering the number of repetitive units and the nature of the substituent groups, opening up to a number of peculiar properties, including the ability to give rise to supramolecular arrangements. We focused our attention on the extensive scientific literature concerning their biomedical applications: as antimicrobial agents in drug delivery, as immunoadjuvants in tissue engineering, in innovative anticancer therapies, and treatments for cardiovascular diseases. The promising perspectives for their biomedical use rise from the opportunity to combine the benefits of the inorganic backbone and the wide variety of organic side groups that can lead to the formation of nanoparticles, polymersomes, or scaffolds for cell proliferation. In this review, some aspects of the preparation of phosphazene-based systems and their characterization, together with some of the most relevant chemical strategies to obtain biomaterials, have been described.

Comprehensive Mechanistic Analysis of the Ring-Opening Polymerization of [PCl2N]3 Using Quantum Mechanical Calculations

“…One method of preparing the parent polymer, [PCl 2 N] n , is through a melt ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of [PCl 2 N] 3 . Subsequently, replacing the chlorine atoms with various (R) substituents, the functionalized derivatives become versatile and find wide applications in diverse fields, including elastomers, fire-resistant materials, optical materials, − protective coatings, conductors, , interpenetrating polymer networks, nanofibers, catalysts, lubricants, and biomedical materials. ,, Researchers have extensively examined this reaction and alternative reactions involving Cl 3 PNSiMe 3 through experimentation in an attempt to comprehend its underlying mechanism. − However, despite their efforts, the intricacies of the chlorophosphazene ROP reaction remain inadequately understood.…”

Phosphorus–nitrogen compounds. Part 73. Dispiromono and dispirobicyclotetraphosphazene derivatives: syntheses, and spectroscopic, crystallographic and thermal studies

“…; ionic liquids, 7 organic field effect transistors (OFETs), 8 organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), 9 protic molten salts, 10 second-order nonlinear optics, 11 nanomaterials, 12 fluorescence chemosensors and indicators, 13 dye-sensitized solar cells, 14 Langmuir–Blodgett thin films, 15 biosensors, 16 and antituberculosis, antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial agents. 17…”

Hexakis-2-(β-carboxyethenylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene: Synthesis, Properties, Modeling Structure

“…Particular attention is paid to cyclophosphazenes and compounds based on them, since they are nonflammable, chemically stable, thermally stable, bioinert, and also able to maintain elasticity at low temperatures. Cyclophosphazenes are ideal objects for obtaining various organic high molecular weight compounds, as well as dendrimers and metal complexes on their basis [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”