Cutaneous water evaporation—I. Its significance in heat-stressed birds

Cutaneous and Respiratory Water Loss in Larks from Arid and Mesic Environments

“…2). The contribution of CWL to TEWL at T a ranging from 15Њ to 35ЊC was 50%-70% in all four larks, values within the range reported for the few other species measured, including the similar-sized passerines budgerygah (Melopsittacus undulatus), sociable weaver (Ploceus cucullatus), and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata; Bernstein 1971;Calder and King 1974;Dawson 1982;Marder and Ben-Asher 1983;Webster et al 1985). When T a exceeded 35ЊC, all larks increased reliance on RWL for thermoregulation.…”

“…When heat stressed, woodlarks and skylarks at 40ЊC increased their CWL by 45% and 72% compared with 25ЊC, whereas hoopoe larks and Dunn's larks at 45ЊC increased their CWL by 78% and 75%, respectively. This pattern differs from that of pigeons and doves, chukar (Alectoris chukar), spotted sandgrouse (Pterocles senegallus), and rhea (Rhea americana), where the increase in CWL at 45ЊC is 230%-1104% (Marder and Ben-Asher 1983;Hoffman and Walsberg 1999;Williams and 2001). All four species of larks relied less on CWL at high T a than did the verdin (Auriparus flaviceps), the only other passerine for which CWL has been measured at high T a , which increased its CWL by 122% (Wolf and Walsberg 1996).…”

Cutaneous and Respiratory Water Loss in Larks from Arid and Mesic Environments

“…2). The contribution of CWL to TEWL at T a ranging from 15Њ to 35ЊC was 50%-70% in all four larks, values within the range reported for the few other species measured, including the similar-sized passerines budgerygah (Melopsittacus undulatus), sociable weaver (Ploceus cucullatus), and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata; Bernstein 1971;Calder and King 1974;Dawson 1982;Marder and Ben-Asher 1983;Webster et al 1985). When T a exceeded 35ЊC, all larks increased reliance on RWL for thermoregulation.…”

“…When heat stressed, woodlarks and skylarks at 40ЊC increased their CWL by 45% and 72% compared with 25ЊC, whereas hoopoe larks and Dunn's larks at 45ЊC increased their CWL by 78% and 75%, respectively. This pattern differs from that of pigeons and doves, chukar (Alectoris chukar), spotted sandgrouse (Pterocles senegallus), and rhea (Rhea americana), where the increase in CWL at 45ЊC is 230%-1104% (Marder and Ben-Asher 1983;Hoffman and Walsberg 1999;Williams and 2001). All four species of larks relied less on CWL at high T a than did the verdin (Auriparus flaviceps), the only other passerine for which CWL has been measured at high T a , which increased its CWL by 122% (Wolf and Walsberg 1996).…”

Avian thermoregulation in the heat: resting metabolism, evaporative cooling and heat tolerance in Sonoran Desert doves and quail

“…Smith and Suthers (1969) showed that pigeons and doves dissipate large heat loads by cutaneous evaporation with little increase in metabolism, allowing rock doves (Columba livia) to raise young at air temperatures as high as 60°C (Marder and Arieli, 1988). The strong reliance on cutaneous evaporation in the heat is apparently widespread in columbiform birds, where it has been observed in two of this study's species -mourning doves (Zenaida macroura Linnaeus 1758) and white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica Linnaeus 1758) (Hoffman and Walsberg, 1999;McKechnie and Wolf, 2004) -but not in galliform birds (Marder, 1983;Marder and Ben-Asher, 1983). Other mechanisms that enhance evaporative heat loss such as gular flutter, deep esophageal pulsation and cloacal evaporation remain poorly understood (Calder and King, 1974;Gaunt, 1980;Dawson, 1982;Baumel et al, 1983;Schleucher et al, 1991;Hoffman et al, 2007).…”

Can birds do it too? Evidence for convergence in evaporative water loss regulation for birds and mammals

“…10.0, p 0.019). When Dwvp was calculated using saturation at T b 2 ambient wvp, RH effects were positive and linear at T a of 20…”

Cutaneous and Respiratory Water Loss in Larks from Arid and Mesic Environments

“…2). The contribution of CWL to TEWL at T a ranging from 15Њ to 35ЊC was 50%-70% in all four larks, values within the range reported for the few other species measured, including the similar-sized passerines budgerygah (Melopsittacus undulatus), sociable weaver (Ploceus cucullatus), and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata; Bernstein 1971;Calder and King 1974;Dawson 1982;Marder and Ben-Asher 1983;Webster et al 1985). When T a exceeded 35ЊC, all larks increased reliance on RWL for thermoregulation.…”

“…When heat stressed, woodlarks and skylarks at 40ЊC increased their CWL by 45% and 72% compared with 25ЊC, whereas hoopoe larks and Dunn's larks at 45ЊC increased their CWL by 78% and 75%, respectively. This pattern differs from that of pigeons and doves, chukar (Alectoris chukar), spotted sandgrouse (Pterocles senegallus), and rhea (Rhea americana), where the increase in CWL at 45ЊC is 230%-1104% (Marder and Ben-Asher 1983;Hoffman and Walsberg 1999;Williams and 2001). All four species of larks relied less on CWL at high T a than did the verdin (Auriparus flaviceps), the only other passerine for which CWL has been measured at high T a , which increased its CWL by 122% (Wolf and Walsberg 1996).…”

Avian thermoregulation in the heat: resting metabolism, evaporative cooling and heat tolerance in Sonoran Desert doves and quail

“…Smith and Suthers (1969) showed that pigeons and doves dissipate large heat loads by cutaneous evaporation with little increase in metabolism, allowing rock doves (Columba livia) to raise young at air temperatures as high as 60°C (Marder and Arieli, 1988). The strong reliance on cutaneous evaporation in the heat is apparently widespread in columbiform birds, where it has been observed in two of this study's species -mourning doves (Zenaida macroura Linnaeus 1758) and white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica Linnaeus 1758) (Hoffman and Walsberg, 1999;McKechnie and Wolf, 2004) -but not in galliform birds (Marder, 1983;Marder and Ben-Asher, 1983). Other mechanisms that enhance evaporative heat loss such as gular flutter, deep esophageal pulsation and cloacal evaporation remain poorly understood (Calder and King, 1974;Gaunt, 1980;Dawson, 1982;Baumel et al, 1983;Schleucher et al, 1991;Hoffman et al, 2007).…”

Can birds do it too? Evidence for convergence in evaporative water loss regulation for birds and mammals

“…10.0, p 0.019). When Dwvp was calculated using saturation at T b 2 ambient wvp, RH effects were positive and linear at T a of 20…”

Cutaneous and Respiratory Water Loss in Larks from Arid and Mesic Environments

“…2). The contribution of CWL to TEWL at T a ranging from 15Њ to 35ЊC was 50%-70% in all four larks, values within the range reported for the few other species measured, including the similar-sized passerines budgerygah (Melopsittacus undulatus), sociable weaver (Ploceus cucullatus), and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata; Bernstein 1971;Calder and King 1974;Dawson 1982;Marder and Ben-Asher 1983;Webster et al 1985). When T a exceeded 35ЊC, all larks increased reliance on RWL for thermoregulation.…”

“…When heat stressed, woodlarks and skylarks at 40ЊC increased their CWL by 45% and 72% compared with 25ЊC, whereas hoopoe larks and Dunn's larks at 45ЊC increased their CWL by 78% and 75%, respectively. This pattern differs from that of pigeons and doves, chukar (Alectoris chukar), spotted sandgrouse (Pterocles senegallus), and rhea (Rhea americana), where the increase in CWL at 45ЊC is 230%-1104% (Marder and Ben-Asher 1983;Hoffman and Walsberg 1999;Williams and 2001). All four species of larks relied less on CWL at high T a than did the verdin (Auriparus flaviceps), the only other passerine for which CWL has been measured at high T a , which increased its CWL by 122% (Wolf and Walsberg 1996).…”

Avian thermoregulation in the heat: resting metabolism, evaporative cooling and heat tolerance in Sonoran Desert doves and quail

“…Smith and Suthers (1969) showed that pigeons and doves dissipate large heat loads by cutaneous evaporation with little increase in metabolism, allowing rock doves (Columba livia) to raise young at air temperatures as high as 60°C (Marder and Arieli, 1988). The strong reliance on cutaneous evaporation in the heat is apparently widespread in columbiform birds, where it has been observed in two of this study's species -mourning doves (Zenaida macroura Linnaeus 1758) and white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica Linnaeus 1758) (Hoffman and Walsberg, 1999;McKechnie and Wolf, 2004) -but not in galliform birds (Marder, 1983;Marder and Ben-Asher, 1983). Other mechanisms that enhance evaporative heat loss such as gular flutter, deep esophageal pulsation and cloacal evaporation remain poorly understood (Calder and King, 1974;Gaunt, 1980;Dawson, 1982;Baumel et al, 1983;Schleucher et al, 1991;Hoffman et al, 2007).…”

Can birds do it too? Evidence for convergence in evaporative water loss regulation for birds and mammals

“…10.0, p 0.019). When Dwvp was calculated using saturation at T b 2 ambient wvp, RH effects were positive and linear at T a of 20…”