Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. A study of epidemiologic risk factors, human papillomavirus, and p53 expression

Non-AIDS definings malignancies among human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects: Epidemiology and outcome after two decades of HAART era

“…Even if KS was the most frequent cutaneous cancer, its incidence significantly decreased after 1995, while the ageadjusted incidence rates of cutaneous NADCs remained stable [82] . The factors associated with the development of cutaneous NADCs in this study were aging and the withe/nonHispanic race, similarly to what has been showed in other HIV positive cohort and in the general population [85,86] . The development of cutaneous NADCs was also showed to be not related to the CD4+ T lymphocites count and receipt of HAART, but HIVinfected subjects are characterized by an high likelihood of developing subsequent cutaneous malignancies at novel sites.…”

British HIV Association guidelines for HIV‐associated malignancies 2014

“…Risk factors for IRIS KS include a higher CD4 cell count, the presence of oedema and the use of protease inhibitors and nonnucleosides together [73]. The clinical management of IRIS KS is usually with systemic chemotherapy and this has been successful in a small series of patients [78] and several case reports [79][80][81][82].…”

“…There is much debate regarding identification of these patients and the optimal strategy to adopt. Many studies [27,33,41,[55][56][57]60,[77][78][79][80][81][82] have reported the use of CNS prophylaxis and treatment in individuals with ARL, although there is a paucity of prospective or randomized trials and these studies have allowed individual institutions to administer CSF prophylaxis according to local protocol or preference. Presently a manuscript addressing these issues is in preparation by the British Committee for Standards in Haematology (BCSH) and thus this will not be discussed in detail.…”

“…Sun exposure is possibly more important in causation than immunosuppression [71,78,79]. The role of HPV in anogenital and oral cancer, epidermoplasia verruciformis and nail unit squamous cell carcinoma is established, but it is unlikely (although controversial) to be critical in most cutaneous HIV-associated squamous cell carcinoma [70,[80][81][82].…”

The impact of human immunodeficiency virus-related diseases on pigmented skin types

“…ART does not appear to be protective of anogenital SCCs, and therefore clinicians must have a low index of suspicion for any skin lesions in the anogenital region which may represent carcinoma or a preinvasive dysplasia. 54,55 Hail and nail disorders HIV-infected patients commonly suffer with scalp disorders, which can lead to hair loss. Common scalp disorders associated with HIV infection include severe variants of seborrhoeic dermatitis, psoriasis and tinea capitis.…”