Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Jordanian side of the Jordan Valley: severe under‐reporting and consequences on public health management

Mosleh, Ibrahim M.; Geith, Eid; Natsheh, Lina; Abdul-Dayem, Muna; Abotteen, Nabil

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02063.x

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…[25] Data from one province in Argentina estimated the degree of CL underreporting to be 2.8 to 4.6-fold; however, studies from Guatemala and Jordan indicate that CL incidence may be underestimated by 40- to 47-fold in national surveillance data. [24], [26], [29] Based on these publications, country-level VL underreporting magnitude was categorized as follows: mild (1.2- to 1.8-fold based on data from Brazil [25]); severe (4.0- to 8.0-fold based on data from India [27], [28]); and an intermediate category of moderate (2.0 to 4.0-fold) underreporting. Despite the high published range of CL underreporting [24], [26], we chose conservative multipliers: mild (2.8 to 4.6-fold based on data from Argentina [29]) and moderate (5.0- to 10.0-fold).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This search yielded 8 articles of which 5 presented data on the magnitude of leishmaniasis underreporting. One additional article was identified from author literature collections, yielding 3 articles with empirical data regarding VL and 3 for CL underreporting [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29]. These articles were used to establish probable degrees of underreporting for the countries in which their analyses were performed, and were also used for estimates in countries judged similar in their degree of underreporting.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence

et al. 2012

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As part of a World Health Organization-led effort to update the empirical evidence base for the leishmaniases, national experts provided leishmaniasis case data for the last 5 years and information regarding treatment and control in their respective countries and a comprehensive literature review was conducted covering publications on leishmaniasis in 98 countries and three territories (see ‘Leishmaniasis Country Profiles Text S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S13, S14, S15, S16, S17, S18, S19, S20, S21, S22, S23, S24, S25, S26, S27, S28, S29, S30, S31, S32, S33, S34, S35, S36, S37, S38, S39, S40, S41, S42, S43, S44, S45, S46, S47, S48, S49, S50, S51, S52, S53, S54, S55, S56, S57, S58, S59, S60, S61, S62, S63, S64, S65, S66, S67, S68, S69, S70, S71, S72, S73, S74, S75, S76, S77, S78, S79, S80, S81, S82, S83, S84, S85, S86, S87, S88, S89, S90, S91, S92, S93, S94, S95, S96, S97, S98, S99, S100, S101’). Additional information was collated during meetings conducted at WHO regional level between 2007 and 2011. Two questionnaires regarding epidemiology and drug access were completed by experts and national program managers. Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence ranges were estimated by country and epidemiological region based on reported incidence, underreporting rates if available, and the judgment of national and international experts. Based on these estimates, approximately 0.2 to 0.4 cases and 0.7 to 1.2 million VL and CL cases, respectively, occur each year. More than 90% of global VL cases occur in six countries: India, Bangladesh, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Brazil. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is more widely distributed, with about one-third of cases occurring in each of three epidemiological regions, the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, and western Asia from the Middle East to Central Asia. The ten countries with the highest estimated case counts, Afghanistan, Algeria, Colombia, Brazil, Iran, Syria, Ethiopia, North Sudan, Costa Rica and Peru, together account for 70 to 75% of global estimated CL incidence. Mortality data were extremely sparse and generally represent hospital-based deaths only. Using an overall case-fatality rate of 10%, we reach a tentative estimate of 20,000 to 40,000 leishmaniasis deaths per year. Although the information is very poor in a number of countries, this is the first in-depth exercise to better estimate the real impact of leishmaniasis. These data should help to define control strategies and reinforce leishmaniasis advocacy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence

et al. 2012

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“…The results of assessment showed a low underreporting rate, a high completeness and concordance rate, so the quality of available data from NIDRS is relatively ideal for analysis on endemic characteristics. Nevertheless, VL is often a hidden health problem, which can unfold without being noticed for many years [30], it should be admitted that the actual VL endemic situation might be greatly underestimated in China, which is similar in other endemic countries [31,32]. Poverty is a major determinant for VL endemic regions, most VL patients and threatened communities live in poverty-stricken regions of west China, with poor access to hygiene services, and with extremely poor levels of diagnosis and treatment, which easily leads to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis for VL, especially for those too weak e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic characteristics of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in the People’s Republic of China

et al. 2013

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) was once a severe parasitic disease in China. Thanks to the great efforts of integrated control, VL was eliminated in most epidemic areas, except for certain western provinces (autonomous region) at the end of 1950s. From then on, VL gained less attention and has seemed to spread, especially in the last 15 years. Infants are the most important population threatened by VL. However, there have been few studies on the endemic characteristics of infantile VL in China.MethodsInfantile VL cases were collected from the online National Infectious Diseases Reporting System (NIDRS). Statistical description and inference was used to reveal the endemic characteristics in gender, age group, time and regionalism. Spatial analysis was carried out to explore the high risk area for infantile VL in China.ResultsA total of 1093 infantile VL cases were reported from 2006 to 2012. There was no statistically significant difference in gender over time. The minimum, maximum and mean age of these cases was 1.1, 35.9 and 13.8 months, respectively. Among them 86.92% were under 2 years of age, and there was a statistically significant difference among age groups over time. An incidence peak appeared in 2008-2009, most cases were distributed in the months September to December, and there was a tail-raising effect in the coming two months of the next year. More than 98% of cases were reported in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Gansu Province and Sichuan Province, accounting for 61.02%, 32.75% and 4.57%, respectively. A total of 56 counties reported infantile VL cases, with the cumulative incidence ranging from 0.02 to 24.57%. There were two main zones of high endemicity for infantile VL in China. The monthly incidence clearly coincides with the number of towns where infantile VL cases were reported. Three fatalities were reported during the study period, the case fatality rate was 2.75‰.ConclusionsThe endemic situation of infantile VL is serious, and there are several active foci of infantile VL prevalence in China. VL has emerged as a severe threat to infants of endemic regions in China.

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“…Currently, zoonotic diseases (Zoonosis) are one of the major public health challenges, and due to expanding urbanization, migration types, the speed of deforestation, along with other environmental actions, are considered important health problems (12)(13)(14)(15). The CL is one of the major health problems in the Middle East, including Iran and the Mediterranean littoral (16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%